Unit 1 Parts of the Nervous System: From Cell to Brain

Question 1

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

Answer 1

Phospholipid bilayer composed of a phosphate group (hydrophilic, polar, facing inside and out) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic facing inward).

Question 2

What is the function/importance of the lipid bilayer?

Answer 2

• Regulate movement of substances in and out of cell
• Maintain different concentrations of salts and other chemicals

Question 3

How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves a cell?

Answer 3

Proteins in the cell membrane regulate which ions can enter the cell. Cell membrane is impermeable to water and ions due to construction.

Question 4

Neuron Theory

Answer 4

Idea that neurons are the ns discrete functional units, proposed by Ramon y Cajal. Evidence from golgi staining on chick embryo brain.

Question 5

What is a synapse?

Answer 5

Spatial junction between one neuron and another, where chemical messengers are released.

Question 6

What does it mean that neurons are the information processing units?

Answer 6

Neurons work with other groups to form neural networks that constitute our ability to process info.

Question 7

What is transcription ?

Answer 7

1. DNA unwound 2. exposed sequence of nucleotide bases pair with free floating nucleotides. 3. nucleotides form complimentary strand of RNA, single stranded.

Question 8

What is translation?

Answer 8

mRNA molecule reaches the ER, passes through a ribosome where its genetic code is read, sequence of nucleotide bases transformed into sequence of amino acids with help of tRNA.

Question 9

Where do proteins go one they’re synthesized?

Answer 9

Proteins formed in the ER enter the golgi bodies where they are wrapped in membrane and prepared then transported via kinesin or dyneins along the microtubule to destination. may be excreted exocytosis or incorporated into membrane or act as enzyme.

Question 10

What is a neural network?

Answer 10

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 11

Central Nervous System

Answer 11

the brain and the spinal cord

Question 12

Peripheral Nervous system

Answer 12

all the parts of the nervous system outside the skull and vertebral column. divided into somatic and autonomic ns

Question 13

Why is white matter white?

Answer 13

White matter is white because of the density of the lipid-rich myelin that surrounds axons.

Question 14

What is in gray matter?

Answer 14

gray matter is a region with many dendrites and cell bodies

Question 15

Corpus Callosum

Answer 15

provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery or cns. *all sensory info, except for sense of smell, passes through here

Question 17

Hypothalamus

Answer 17

largely involved in regulating homeostasis, executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the pituitary gland,

Question 18

Brainstem

Answer 18

composed of midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosenory spaces, pons is main connection with cerebellum and with medulla regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates

Question 19

Function associated with the dorsal of spinal cord.

Answer 19

responsible for sensory functions, dorsal horn

Question 20

Function associated with ventral aspect of spinal cord.

Answer 20

associated with motor functions, ventral horn

Question 21

soma

Answer 21

cell body or core region of cell

Question 22

dendrite

Answer 22

extension of neurons cell membrane, increases surface area, *collects info from other cells

Question 23

axon

Answer 23

root, or single fiber of neuron that carries electrical signal message down

Question 24

connectome

Answer 24

comprehensive map of all structural connectivity in organisms ns

Question 25

dendritic spine

Answer 25

protrusion that increases sa, point of dendritic contact with axons of other cells

Question 26

axon hillock

Answer 26

juncture of soma and axon

Question 27

axon collateral

Answer 27

branch of an axon

Question 28

terminal button

Answer 28

knob at tip of axon that chemical messengers present send info to other neurons

Question 29

synapse

Answer 29

spatial junction, information transfer site for chemical messengers

Question 30

What are three types of neurons?

Answer 30

Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron

Question 31

Sensory Neuron

Answer 31

conduct information from the sensory receptors on o on the body to the spinal cord and brain

Question 32

Interneuron

Answer 32

associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS

Question 33

Motor Neuron

Answer 33

carry information from the brain and spinal cord out to the body's muscles.

Question 34

bipolar neuron

Answer 34

sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite

Question 35

somatosensory neuron

Answer 35

brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord

Question 36

pyramidal cell

Answer 36

interneuron found in the cerebral cortex, carry info from cortex to rest of brain.

Question 37

purkinje cell

Answer 37

interneuron found in the cerebellum, dendrites form fan shape

Question 38

Ependymal Cell

Answer 38

small, secretes CSF, walls of ventricles

Question 39

Astrocyte

Answer 39

Star shaped, contributes to neuronal nutrition, structural, support, repair, helps form blood-brain-barrier, type of glial cell

Question 40

Microglial Cell

Answer 40

derived from blood, defensive function to remove dead tissue. immune cell of brain, type of glial cell

Question 41

Oligodendroglia Cell

Answer 41

Forms myelin around CNS axons in brain and spinal cord, type of glial cell

Question 42

Schwann Cell

Answer 42

wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin, type of glial cell

Question 43

Nucleotide

Answer 43

basic organic building blocks, A-T, C-G

Question 44

Gene

Answer 44

a segment of DNA strand

Question 45

mRNA

Answer 45

messenger rna carries message out of nucleus

Question 46

Enteric Nervous System

Answer 46

responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system. can be operated independently of brain and spinal cord.

Question 47

lateral sulcus

Answer 47

separates the temporal lobe from the other regions

Question 48

temporal lobe

Answer 48

associated with primary auditory sensation, memory,

Question 49

parietal lobe

Answer 49

somatosensation, tactile senses, and general sensations such as proprioception and kinesthesia.

Question 50

postcentral gyrus

Answer 50

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 51

frontal lobe

Answer 51

primarily associated with motor functions, includes premotor area, broca's area, and prefrontal lobe

Question 52

precentral gyrus

Answer 52

primary motor cortex

Question 53

premotor area

Answer 53

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.

Question 54

Broca's area

Answer 54

responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech

Question 55

Prefrontal lobe

Answer 55

serves cognitive functions that can be basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness

Question 56

Cerebellum

Answer 56

responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

Question 57

Phospholipid bilayer composed of a phosphate group (hydrophilic, polar, facing inside and out) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic facing inward).

Answer 57

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

Question 58

- Regulate movement of substances in and out of cell - Maintain different concentrations of salts and other chemicals

Answer 58

What is the function/importance of the lipid bilayer?

Question 59

Proteins in the cell membrane regulate which ions can enter the cell. Cell membrane is impermeable to water and ions due to construction.

Answer 59

How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves a cell?

Question 60

Idea that neurons are the ns discrete functional units, proposed by Ramon y Cajal. Evidence from golgi staining on chick embryo brain.

Answer 60

Neuron Theory

Question 61

Spatial junction between one neuron and another, where chemical messengers are released.

Answer 61

What is a synapse?

Question 62

Neurons work with other groups to form neural networks that constitute our ability to process info.

Answer 62

What does it mean that neurons are the information processing units?

Question 63

1. DNA unwound 2. exposed sequence of nucleotide bases pair with free floating nucleotides. 3. nucleotides form complimentary strand of RNA, single stranded.

Answer 63

What is transcription ?

Question 64

mRNA molecule reaches the ER, passes through a ribosome where its genetic code is read, sequence of nucleotide bases transformed into sequence of amino acids with help of tRNA.

Answer 64

What is translation?

Question 65

Proteins formed in the ER enter the golgi bodies where they are wrapped in membrane and prepared then transported via kinesin or dyneins along the microtubule to destination. may be excreted exocytosis or incorporated into membrane or act as enzyme.

Answer 65

Where do proteins go one they're synthesized?

Question 66

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 66

What is a neural network?

Question 67

the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 67

Central Nervous System

Question 68

all the parts of the nervous system outside the skull and vertebral column. divided into somatic and autonomic ns

Answer 68

Peripheral Nervous system

Question 69

White matter is white because of the density of the lipid-rich myelin that surrounds axons.

Answer 69

Why is white matter white?

Question 70

gray matter is a region with many dendrites and cell bodies

Answer 70

What is in gray matter?

Question 71

provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Answer 71

Corpus Callosum

Question 72

collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery or cns. \*all sensory info, except for sense of smell, passes through here

Answer 72

Thalamus

Question 73

largely involved in regulating homeostasis, executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the pituitary gland,

Answer 73

Hypothalamus

Question 74

composed of midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosenory spaces, pons is main connection with cerebellum and with medulla regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates

Answer 74

Brainstem

Question 75

responsible for sensory functions, dorsal horn

Answer 75

Function associated with the dorsal of spinal cord.

Question 76

associated with motor functions, ventral horn

Answer 76

Function associated with ventral aspect of spinal cord.

Question 77

cell body or core region of cell

Answer 77

soma

Question 78

extension of neurons cell membrane, increases surface area, \*collects info from other cells

Answer 78

dendrite

Question 79

root, or single fiber of neuron that carries electrical signal message down

Answer 79

axon

Question 80

comprehensive map of all structural connectivity in organisms ns

Answer 80

connectome

Question 81

protrusion that increases sa, point of dendritic contact with axons of other cells

Answer 81

dendritic spine

Question 82

juncture of soma and axon

Answer 82

axon hillock

Question 83

branch of an axon

Answer 83

axon collateral

Question 84

knob at tip of axon that chemical messengers present send info to other neurons

Answer 84

terminal button

Question 85

spatial junction, information transfer site for chemical messengers

Answer 85

synapse

Question 86

Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron

Answer 86

What are three types of neurons?

Question 87

conduct information from the sensory receptors on o on the body to the spinal cord and brain

Answer 87

Sensory Neuron

Question 88

associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS

Answer 88

Interneuron

Question 89

carry information from the brain and spinal cord out to the body's muscles.

Answer 89

Motor Neuron

Question 90

sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite

Answer 90

bipolar neuron

Question 91

brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord

Answer 91

somatosensory neuron

Question 92

interneuron found in the cerebral cortex, carry info from cortex to rest of brain.

Answer 92

pyramidal cell

Question 93

interneuron found in the cerebellum, dendrites form fan shape

Answer 93

purkinje cell

Question 94

small, secretes CSF, walls of ventricles

Answer 94

Ependymal Cell

Question 95

Star shaped, contributes to neuronal nutrition, structural, support, repair, helps form blood-brain-barrier, type of glial cell

Answer 95

Astrocyte

Question 96

derived from blood, defensive function to remove dead tissue. immune cell of brain, type of glial cell

Answer 96

Microglial Cell

Question 97

Forms myelin around CNS axons in brain and spinal cord, type of glial cell

Answer 97

Oligodendroglia Cell

Question 98

wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin, type of glial cell

Answer 98

Schwann Cell

Question 99

basic organic building blocks, A-T, C-G

Answer 99

Nucleotide

Question 100

a segment of DNA strand

Answer 100

Gene

Question 101

messenger rna carries message out of nucleus

Answer 101

mRNA

Question 102

responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system. can be operated independently of brain and spinal cord.

Answer 102

Enteric Nervous System

Question 103

separates the temporal lobe from the other regions

Answer 103

lateral sulcus

Question 104

associated with primary auditory sensation, memory,

Answer 104

temporal lobe

Question 105

somatosensation, tactile senses, and general sensations such as proprioception and kinesthesia.

Answer 105

parietal lobe

Question 106

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 106

postcentral gyrus

Question 107

primarily associated with motor functions, includes premotor area, broca's area, and prefrontal lobe

Answer 107

frontal lobe

Question 108

primary motor cortex

Answer 108

precentral gyrus

Question 109

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.

Answer 109

premotor area

Question 110

responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech

Answer 110

Broca's area

Question 111

serves cognitive functions that can be basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness

Answer 111

Prefrontal lobe

Question 112

responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

Answer 112

Cerebellum