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Foundations of Neuroscience > Unit 1 Parts of the Nervous System: From Cell to Brain > Flashcards

Unit 1 Parts of the Nervous System: From Cell to Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer composed of a phosphate group (hydrophilic, polar, facing inside and out) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic facing inward).

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2
Q

What is the function/importance of the lipid bilayer?

A
  • Regulate movement of substances in and out of cell
  • Maintain different concentrations of salts and other chemicals
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3
Q

How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves a cell?

A

Proteins in the cell membrane regulate which ions can enter the cell. Cell membrane is impermeable to water and ions due to construction.

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4
Q

Neuron Theory

A

Idea that neurons are the ns discrete functional units, proposed by Ramon y Cajal. Evidence from golgi staining on chick embryo brain.

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5
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Spatial junction between one neuron and another, where chemical messengers are released.

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6
Q

What does it mean that neurons are the information processing units?

A

Neurons work with other groups to form neural networks that constitute our ability to process info.

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7
Q

What is transcription ?

A
  1. DNA unwound 2. exposed sequence of nucleotide bases pair with free floating nucleotides. 3. nucleotides form complimentary strand of RNA, single stranded.
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8
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA molecule reaches the ER, passes through a ribosome where its genetic code is read, sequence of nucleotide bases transformed into sequence of amino acids with help of tRNA.

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9
Q

Where do proteins go one they’re synthesized?

A

Proteins formed in the ER enter the golgi bodies where they are wrapped in membrane and prepared then transported via kinesin or dyneins along the microtubule to destination. may be excreted exocytosis or incorporated into membrane or act as enzyme.

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10
Q

What is a neural network?

A

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

all the parts of the nervous system outside the skull and vertebral column. divided into somatic and autonomic ns

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13
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

White matter is white because of the density of the lipid-rich myelin that surrounds axons.

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14
Q

What is in gray matter?

A

gray matter is a region with many dendrites and cell bodies

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15
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery or cns. *all sensory info, except for sense of smell, passes through here

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

largely involved in regulating homeostasis, executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the pituitary gland,

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18
Q

Brainstem

A

composed of midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosenory spaces, pons is main connection with cerebellum and with medulla regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates

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19
Q

Function associated with the dorsal of spinal cord.

A

responsible for sensory functions, dorsal horn

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20
Q

Function associated with ventral aspect of spinal cord.

A

associated with motor functions, ventral horn

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21
Q

soma

A

cell body or core region of cell

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22
Q

dendrite

A

extension of neurons cell membrane, increases surface area, *collects info from other cells

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23
Q

axon

A

root, or single fiber of neuron that carries electrical signal message down

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24
Q

connectome

A

comprehensive map of all structural connectivity in organisms ns

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25
Q

dendritic spine

A

protrusion that increases sa, point of dendritic contact with axons of other cells

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26
Q

axon hillock

A

juncture of soma and axon

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27
Q

axon collateral

A

branch of an axon

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28
Q

terminal button

A

knob at tip of axon that chemical messengers present send info to other neurons

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29
Q

synapse

A

spatial junction, information transfer site for chemical messengers

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30
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron

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31
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

conduct information from the sensory receptors on o on the body to the spinal cord and brain

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32
Q

Interneuron

A

associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS

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33
Q

Motor Neuron

A

carry information from the brain and spinal cord out to the body’s muscles.

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34
Q

bipolar neuron

A

sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite

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35
Q

somatosensory neuron

A

brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord

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36
Q

pyramidal cell

A

interneuron found in the cerebral cortex, carry info from cortex to rest of brain.

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37
Q

purkinje cell

A

interneuron found in the cerebellum, dendrites form fan shape

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38
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

small, secretes CSF, walls of ventricles

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39
Q

Astrocyte

A

Star shaped, contributes to neuronal nutrition, structural, support, repair, helps form blood-brain-barrier, type of glial cell

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40
Q

Microglial Cell

A

derived from blood, defensive function to remove dead tissue. immune cell of brain, type of glial cell

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41
Q

Oligodendroglia Cell

A

Forms myelin around CNS axons in brain and spinal cord, type of glial cell

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42
Q

Schwann Cell

A

wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin, type of glial cell

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43
Q

Nucleotide

A

basic organic building blocks, A-T, C-G

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44
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA strand

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45
Q

mRNA

A

messenger rna carries message out of nucleus

46
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system. can be operated independently of brain and spinal cord.

47
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates the temporal lobe from the other regions

48
Q

temporal lobe

A

associated with primary auditory sensation, memory,

49
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensation, tactile senses, and general sensations such as proprioception and kinesthesia.

50
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

51
Q

frontal lobe

A

primarily associated with motor functions, includes premotor area, broca’s area, and prefrontal lobe

52
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

53
Q

premotor area

A

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.

54
Q

Broca’s area

A

responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech

55
Q

Prefrontal lobe

A

serves cognitive functions that can be basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness

56
Q

Cerebellum

A

responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

57
Q

Phospholipid bilayer composed of a phosphate group (hydrophilic, polar, facing inside and out) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic facing inward).

A

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

58
Q
  • Regulate movement of substances in and out of cell
  • Maintain different concentrations of salts and other chemicals
A

What is the function/importance of the lipid bilayer?

59
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane regulate which ions can enter the cell. Cell membrane is impermeable to water and ions due to construction.

A

How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves a cell?

60
Q

Idea that neurons are the ns discrete functional units, proposed by Ramon y Cajal. Evidence from golgi staining on chick embryo brain.

A

Neuron Theory

61
Q

Spatial junction between one neuron and another, where chemical messengers are released.

A

What is a synapse?

62
Q

Neurons work with other groups to form neural networks that constitute our ability to process info.

A

What does it mean that neurons are the information processing units?

63
Q
  1. DNA unwound 2. exposed sequence of nucleotide bases pair with free floating nucleotides. 3. nucleotides form complimentary strand of RNA, single stranded.
A

What is transcription ?

64
Q

mRNA molecule reaches the ER, passes through a ribosome where its genetic code is read, sequence of nucleotide bases transformed into sequence of amino acids with help of tRNA.

A

What is translation?

65
Q

Proteins formed in the ER enter the golgi bodies where they are wrapped in membrane and prepared then transported via kinesin or dyneins along the microtubule to destination. may be excreted exocytosis or incorporated into membrane or act as enzyme.

A

Where do proteins go one they’re synthesized?

66
Q

Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.

A

What is a neural network?

67
Q

the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

68
Q

all the parts of the nervous system outside the skull and vertebral column. divided into somatic and autonomic ns

A

Peripheral Nervous system

69
Q

White matter is white because of the density of the lipid-rich myelin that surrounds axons.

A

Why is white matter white?

70
Q

gray matter is a region with many dendrites and cell bodies

A

What is in gray matter?

71
Q

provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

A

Corpus Callosum

72
Q

collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery or cns. *all sensory info, except for sense of smell, passes through here

A

Thalamus

73
Q

largely involved in regulating homeostasis, executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the pituitary gland,

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

composed of midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosenory spaces, pons is main connection with cerebellum and with medulla regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates

A

Brainstem

75
Q

responsible for sensory functions, dorsal horn

A

Function associated with the dorsal of spinal cord.

76
Q

associated with motor functions, ventral horn

A

Function associated with ventral aspect of spinal cord.

77
Q

cell body or core region of cell

A

soma

78
Q

extension of neurons cell membrane, increases surface area, *collects info from other cells

A

dendrite

79
Q

root, or single fiber of neuron that carries electrical signal message down

A

axon

80
Q

comprehensive map of all structural connectivity in organisms ns

A

connectome

81
Q

protrusion that increases sa, point of dendritic contact with axons of other cells

A

dendritic spine

82
Q

juncture of soma and axon

A

axon hillock

83
Q

branch of an axon

A

axon collateral

84
Q

knob at tip of axon that chemical messengers present send info to other neurons

A

terminal button

85
Q

spatial junction, information transfer site for chemical messengers

A

synapse

86
Q

Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron

A

What are three types of neurons?

87
Q

conduct information from the sensory receptors on o on the body to the spinal cord and brain

A

Sensory Neuron

88
Q

associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS

A

Interneuron

89
Q

carry information from the brain and spinal cord out to the body’s muscles.

A

Motor Neuron

90
Q

sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite

A

bipolar neuron

91
Q

brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord

A

somatosensory neuron

92
Q

interneuron found in the cerebral cortex, carry info from cortex to rest of brain.

A

pyramidal cell

93
Q

interneuron found in the cerebellum, dendrites form fan shape

A

purkinje cell

94
Q

small, secretes CSF, walls of ventricles

A

Ependymal Cell

95
Q

Star shaped, contributes to neuronal nutrition, structural, support, repair, helps form blood-brain-barrier, type of glial cell

A

Astrocyte

96
Q

derived from blood, defensive function to remove dead tissue. immune cell of brain, type of glial cell

A

Microglial Cell

97
Q

Forms myelin around CNS axons in brain and spinal cord, type of glial cell

A

Oligodendroglia Cell

98
Q

wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin, type of glial cell

A

Schwann Cell

99
Q

basic organic building blocks, A-T, C-G

A

Nucleotide

100
Q

a segment of DNA strand

A

Gene

101
Q

messenger rna carries message out of nucleus

A

mRNA

102
Q

responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system. can be operated independently of brain and spinal cord.

A

Enteric Nervous System

103
Q

separates the temporal lobe from the other regions

A

lateral sulcus

104
Q

associated with primary auditory sensation, memory,

A

temporal lobe

105
Q

somatosensation, tactile senses, and general sensations such as proprioception and kinesthesia.

A

parietal lobe

106
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

107
Q

primarily associated with motor functions, includes premotor area, broca’s area, and prefrontal lobe

A

frontal lobe

108
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

109
Q

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.

A

premotor area

110
Q

responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech

A

Broca’s area

111
Q

serves cognitive functions that can be basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness

A

Prefrontal lobe

112
Q

responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

A

Cerebellum

Foundations of Neuroscience (2 decks)

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