Unit 1 Parts of the Nervous System: From Cell to Brain Flashcards
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer composed of a phosphate group (hydrophilic, polar, facing inside and out) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic facing inward).
What is the function/importance of the lipid bilayer?
- Regulate movement of substances in and out of cell
- Maintain different concentrations of salts and other chemicals
How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves a cell?
Proteins in the cell membrane regulate which ions can enter the cell. Cell membrane is impermeable to water and ions due to construction.
Neuron Theory
Idea that neurons are the ns discrete functional units, proposed by Ramon y Cajal. Evidence from golgi staining on chick embryo brain.
What is a synapse?
Spatial junction between one neuron and another, where chemical messengers are released.
What does it mean that neurons are the information processing units?
Neurons work with other groups to form neural networks that constitute our ability to process info.
What is transcription ?
- DNA unwound 2. exposed sequence of nucleotide bases pair with free floating nucleotides. 3. nucleotides form complimentary strand of RNA, single stranded.
What is translation?
mRNA molecule reaches the ER, passes through a ribosome where its genetic code is read, sequence of nucleotide bases transformed into sequence of amino acids with help of tRNA.
Where do proteins go one they’re synthesized?
Proteins formed in the ER enter the golgi bodies where they are wrapped in membrane and prepared then transported via kinesin or dyneins along the microtubule to destination. may be excreted exocytosis or incorporated into membrane or act as enzyme.
What is a neural network?
Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system
all the parts of the nervous system outside the skull and vertebral column. divided into somatic and autonomic ns
Why is white matter white?
White matter is white because of the density of the lipid-rich myelin that surrounds axons.
What is in gray matter?
gray matter is a region with many dendrites and cell bodies
Corpus Callosum
provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery or cns. *all sensory info, except for sense of smell, passes through here
Hypothalamus
largely involved in regulating homeostasis, executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the pituitary gland,
Brainstem
composed of midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosenory spaces, pons is main connection with cerebellum and with medulla regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates
Function associated with the dorsal of spinal cord.
responsible for sensory functions, dorsal horn
Function associated with ventral aspect of spinal cord.
associated with motor functions, ventral horn
soma
cell body or core region of cell
dendrite
extension of neurons cell membrane, increases surface area, *collects info from other cells
axon
root, or single fiber of neuron that carries electrical signal message down
connectome
comprehensive map of all structural connectivity in organisms ns
dendritic spine
protrusion that increases sa, point of dendritic contact with axons of other cells
axon hillock
juncture of soma and axon
axon collateral
branch of an axon
terminal button
knob at tip of axon that chemical messengers present send info to other neurons
synapse
spatial junction, information transfer site for chemical messengers
What are three types of neurons?
Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron
Sensory Neuron
conduct information from the sensory receptors on o on the body to the spinal cord and brain
Interneuron
associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS
Motor Neuron
carry information from the brain and spinal cord out to the body’s muscles.
bipolar neuron
sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite
somatosensory neuron
brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord
pyramidal cell
interneuron found in the cerebral cortex, carry info from cortex to rest of brain.
purkinje cell
interneuron found in the cerebellum, dendrites form fan shape
Ependymal Cell
small, secretes CSF, walls of ventricles
Astrocyte
Star shaped, contributes to neuronal nutrition, structural, support, repair, helps form blood-brain-barrier, type of glial cell
Microglial Cell
derived from blood, defensive function to remove dead tissue. immune cell of brain, type of glial cell
Oligodendroglia Cell
Forms myelin around CNS axons in brain and spinal cord, type of glial cell
Schwann Cell
wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin, type of glial cell
Nucleotide
basic organic building blocks, A-T, C-G
Gene
a segment of DNA strand
mRNA
messenger rna carries message out of nucleus
Enteric Nervous System
responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system. can be operated independently of brain and spinal cord.
lateral sulcus
separates the temporal lobe from the other regions
temporal lobe
associated with primary auditory sensation, memory,
parietal lobe
somatosensation, tactile senses, and general sensations such as proprioception and kinesthesia.
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
frontal lobe
primarily associated with motor functions, includes premotor area, broca’s area, and prefrontal lobe
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
premotor area
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.
Broca’s area
responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech
Prefrontal lobe
serves cognitive functions that can be basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness
Cerebellum
responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord
Phospholipid bilayer composed of a phosphate group (hydrophilic, polar, facing inside and out) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic facing inward).
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
- Regulate movement of substances in and out of cell
- Maintain different concentrations of salts and other chemicals
What is the function/importance of the lipid bilayer?
Proteins in the cell membrane regulate which ions can enter the cell. Cell membrane is impermeable to water and ions due to construction.
How does the cell membrane regulate what enters and leaves a cell?
Idea that neurons are the ns discrete functional units, proposed by Ramon y Cajal. Evidence from golgi staining on chick embryo brain.
Neuron Theory
Spatial junction between one neuron and another, where chemical messengers are released.
What is a synapse?
Neurons work with other groups to form neural networks that constitute our ability to process info.
What does it mean that neurons are the information processing units?
- DNA unwound 2. exposed sequence of nucleotide bases pair with free floating nucleotides. 3. nucleotides form complimentary strand of RNA, single stranded.
What is transcription ?
mRNA molecule reaches the ER, passes through a ribosome where its genetic code is read, sequence of nucleotide bases transformed into sequence of amino acids with help of tRNA.
What is translation?
Proteins formed in the ER enter the golgi bodies where they are wrapped in membrane and prepared then transported via kinesin or dyneins along the microtubule to destination. may be excreted exocytosis or incorporated into membrane or act as enzyme.
Where do proteins go one they’re synthesized?
Functional group of neurons that connects wide areas of the brain and spinal cord.
What is a neural network?
the brain and the spinal cord
Central Nervous System
all the parts of the nervous system outside the skull and vertebral column. divided into somatic and autonomic ns
Peripheral Nervous system
White matter is white because of the density of the lipid-rich myelin that surrounds axons.
Why is white matter white?
gray matter is a region with many dendrites and cell bodies
What is in gray matter?
provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Corpus Callosum
collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery or cns. *all sensory info, except for sense of smell, passes through here
Thalamus
largely involved in regulating homeostasis, executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the pituitary gland,
Hypothalamus
composed of midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain coordinates sensory representations of visual, auditory, somatosenory spaces, pons is main connection with cerebellum and with medulla regulate cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates
Brainstem
responsible for sensory functions, dorsal horn
Function associated with the dorsal of spinal cord.
associated with motor functions, ventral horn
Function associated with ventral aspect of spinal cord.
cell body or core region of cell
soma
extension of neurons cell membrane, increases surface area, *collects info from other cells
dendrite
root, or single fiber of neuron that carries electrical signal message down
axon
comprehensive map of all structural connectivity in organisms ns
connectome
protrusion that increases sa, point of dendritic contact with axons of other cells
dendritic spine
juncture of soma and axon
axon hillock
branch of an axon
axon collateral
knob at tip of axon that chemical messengers present send info to other neurons
terminal button
spatial junction, information transfer site for chemical messengers
synapse
Sensory, interneuron, motor neuron
What are three types of neurons?
conduct information from the sensory receptors on o on the body to the spinal cord and brain
Sensory Neuron
associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS
Interneuron
carry information from the brain and spinal cord out to the body’s muscles.
Motor Neuron
sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite
bipolar neuron
brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord
somatosensory neuron
interneuron found in the cerebral cortex, carry info from cortex to rest of brain.
pyramidal cell
interneuron found in the cerebellum, dendrites form fan shape
purkinje cell
small, secretes CSF, walls of ventricles
Ependymal Cell
Star shaped, contributes to neuronal nutrition, structural, support, repair, helps form blood-brain-barrier, type of glial cell
Astrocyte
derived from blood, defensive function to remove dead tissue. immune cell of brain, type of glial cell
Microglial Cell
Forms myelin around CNS axons in brain and spinal cord, type of glial cell
Oligodendroglia Cell
wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin, type of glial cell
Schwann Cell
basic organic building blocks, A-T, C-G
Nucleotide
a segment of DNA strand
Gene
messenger rna carries message out of nucleus
mRNA
responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system. can be operated independently of brain and spinal cord.
Enteric Nervous System
separates the temporal lobe from the other regions
lateral sulcus
associated with primary auditory sensation, memory,
temporal lobe
somatosensation, tactile senses, and general sensations such as proprioception and kinesthesia.
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus
primarily associated with motor functions, includes premotor area, broca’s area, and prefrontal lobe
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking of a movement to be made.
premotor area
responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech
Broca’s area
serves cognitive functions that can be basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness
Prefrontal lobe
responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord
Cerebellum
