UNIT 1 : PART 1 : BIOLOGY REVIEW

Question 1

What is an Isotope

Answer 1

When two atoms share the same number of electrons and protons but a different amount of neutrons; thus their atomic mass differs.
Example: Carbon 12, 13, 14

Question 2

What is a Isomer

Answer 2

Compounds in which have the same Molecular formula but differ in chemical arrangement.
→ Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 3

Radioisotopes

Answer 3

Unstable Isotopes whose nuclei spontaneously break apart and are used in
→ Radioactive Dating
→ Radioactive Tracing

Question 4

Forces of Attraction

Answer 4

The bonds that hold atoms of a molecule together or ions of an ionic solid together.

Question 5

Ionic Bond

Answer 5

The attraction between positive and negative charges. It’s where one atom electron is strongly attracted to another atom electron.
(Interchanging - + and - charges)

Question 6

Covalent Bond

Answer 6

When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, and the sharing of electrons can either be equal or unequal. If it is equal there is non polar bonding, if it is unequal then there is polar bonding

Question 7

Electronegativity

Answer 7

The measure of how strongly an atom is able to attract electrons within a bond,
→ Good indicator for polarity
→ As well as showcases whether within a covalent bond, sharing is equal or unequal

Question 8

The Dehydration Reaction

Answer 8

When two subunits link together through the removal of a water molecule
→ Anabolic Reaction: Absorbs energy

Question 9

The Hydrolysis Reaction:

Answer 9

When two subunits break apart from the addition of a water molecule
→ Catabolic Reaction: Releases Energy

Question 10

Neutralization

Answer 10

→ When an Acid and a Base Mix
→ The H+ ions combine with the OH ions → to form water
→ Always yields a water and a salt

Question 11

Redox Reactions

Answer 11

→ Oxidation : Loss of electrons
→ Reduction : Gaining electrons
→ Happen together or at the same time
→ The substance that is oxidized is the reducing agent
→ The reduced substance is known as the oxidizing agent

Question 12

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 12

: When a Hydrogen ion attaches to a EN ion that has unshared electron pairs
(dipole-dipole reaction)

Question 13

Properties due to H-Bonding : 5 Properties of Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 13

Universal solvent : Most polar and all Ionic compounds → Transport of nutrients, proteins, sugars and hormones
Cohesion: H atoms bond together forming a membrane bound structure →
High Heat Capacity: High heat capacity; where it will not change form for an extended period → Important in maintaining body temperature
Capillary Action : Will adhere to small tube like structures against gravity → Blood moving through veins or, water moving from the roots of a plant upwards
The ability to change shape: When water cools, it forms a crystalized structure in which takes up more space than when in its liquid form

Question 14

Buffers

Answer 14

→ Resist changes in pH despite when an acid or base is added
→ Can either act as an acid or as a base
→ Composed of a conjugate base and a weak acid

Question 15

Organic chemistry

Answer 15

The study of carbon compounds → Hydrocarbons

Question 16

Carbohydrates

Answer 16

→ The main source of short term energy
→ Building Material → Exoskeleton
→ Cell surface recognition molecules

Question 17

Carbohydrate Formula

Answer 17

Formula be (CH2O)n
→ N is variable but for example in glucose the formula is (CH2O)6

Question 18

Monosaccharides

Answer 18

Mono means 1, Saccharide means Sugar → Single Sugar or Simple Sugar
→ Functional groups are Carboxyl and Hydroxyl

Question 19

A glucose - B glucose

Answer 19

In the dry and linear form there is no difference between A and B glucose
However in water the OH at C5 reacts with the aldehyde at C1 to form a ring

A Glucose → When the OH is BELOW the C at C1
B Glucose → When the OH is ABOVE the C at C1
50 percent chance of either occurring

Question 20

Stereoisomers

Answer 20

: Have the same chemical formula and even shape, but they differ in three dimensional orientations

Question 21

Oligosaccharides:

Answer 21

→ 2-3 Monosaccharides (2 is usually called di-sachraides)
→ Formed through Glycosidic linkages
→ Dehydration Synthesis

Question 22

Disaccharides

Answer 22

→ Sucrose : Glucose + Fructose
→ Maltose : Glucose + Glucose
→ Lactose : Glucose + Galactose

Question 23

Polysaccharides

Answer 23

Long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides (glucose) from glycosyl bonds
→ Straight ot Branches

Question 24

2 TYPES of Carbohydrates

Answer 24

Storage : Starch & Glycogen
Structural Chitin, Cellulose

Question 25

Starch: Is made up of

Answer 25

Amylase : A glucose → Straight
Amylopectin : A glucose → Branched

Question 26

Starch Hydrolysis :

Answer 26

The breakdown of starch through the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, forming maltose
→ Through the digestive enzyme known as amylase

Question 27

Cellulose :

Answer 27

→ Most abundant form of biological compound
→ Straight Chained
→ B Glucose
→ Requires special digestive enzymes

Question 28

Glycogen

Answer 28

→ principal store molecule for plants and animals
→ stores energy when it is needed, replenished daily
→ Very Highly Branched

Question 29

Chitin

Answer 29

→ Second most abundant molecule
→ Contains N groups
→ Found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans as well as in contact lenses and stitches

Question 30

Lipids

Answer 30

→ More calories than carbohydrates
→ Acts a insulation
→ Main component in cell membranes
→ Used as chemical messengers
→ Hydrophobic → Repels Water
→ Contains Oxygen Hydrogen and Carbon
→ Soluble only in acetate, alcohol, ether, and chloroform

Question 31

Fatty Acids

Answer 31

2 - 24 carbon atoms
Carboxyl group on one end, methyl group on the other

Question 32

Saturated Fatty Acid :

Answer 32

Carbon atoms saturated with Hydrogen Bonds
→ Firm and Solid → Animal Fats
→ Difficult to break down

Question 33

Unsaturated Fatty Acid:

Answer 33

→ Carbon atoms contain double bonds where they could contain more hydrogen atoms
→ Liquid Plant Fats : Vegetable Oils → Easily broken down because Double Bonds react easier
→ Hydrogenation →Adding H+ Ions to make Fat firmer, like in peanut butter

Question 34

Triglyceride

Answer 34

→ Most common type of lipid
→ 1 glycerol; 3 fatty acids
→ Esters are formed

Question 35

Phospholipids

Answer 35

→ 2 fatty acids, and one glycerol molecule attached to a phosphate group
→ Hydrophobic tail, Hydrophilic Head
→ Amphiphatic

Question 36

Carotenoids

Answer 36

→ Special Photosynthetic Pigments that are needed in addition to chlorophyll

Question 37

Carotenoids

Answer 37

→ Special Photosynthetic Pigments that are needed in addition to chlorophyll

Question 38

Waxes

Answer 38

→ Highly Suitable waterproof coating

Question 39

Steroids

Answer 39

→ Have 4 rings
→ Variations in Functional Groups and Double Bonds

Question 40

Cholesterol

Answer 40

→ Used to make certain hormones (testosterone, and estrogen)
→ Very important for nervous system function and important for cell membranes

Question 41

Proteins

Answer 41

→ Diverse macromolecules
→ Made up of chains of amino acids
→ 20 amino acids are needed
→ 12 are naturally synthesized, 8 must be consumed within the diet

Question 41

Proteins

Answer 41

→ Diverse macromolecules
→ Made up of chains of amino acids
→ 20 amino acids are needed
→ 12 are naturally synthesized, 8 must be consumed within the diet

Question 42

Amino Acid Structure

Answer 42

→ Central carbon attached to a Hydrogen, Carboxyl Group, Amine Group, R group

Question 43

Peptides

Answer 43

→ 2 or more amino acids, named after how many they have
2 - dipeptides 3-tripeptides 10-15 oligopeptides 100+ proteins

Question 44

Protein Structure

Answer 44

• Primary: amino acid sequence determines this
• Secondary: deals with hydrogen bonding between amino acids → alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
• Tertiary: helices and beta sheets fold upon themselves → Makes the supercoiling 3D structures
• Quaternary: Two or more polypeptide chains interacting with each other
  Insulin
  → Two polypeptide chains formed by a disulfide bridge

Question 44

Polypeptides

Answer 44

→ Amino acids that connect in sequences to form polymers called polypeptides

Question 45

Nucleic Acids

Answer 45

→ Found in DNA, RNA, and ATP, Nucleotide Coenzymes → Used in Energy Transformations
→ DNA & RNA : Nucleotide Polymers
Nitrogenous Bases → A,G,T,C
One spine of the ladder combine with NB from the other side of the ladder through hydrogen bonds
DNA : Individual units of deoxyribose sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases

Question 46

Protein Denaturation:

Answer 46

Protein Denaturation:
→ Overall 3D shape is critical for function : Proteins can change shape

Denaturation : Drastic Changes to a protein’s conformation which can cause it to lose function or destroy it completely
→ pH or heat
→ Often is “Permanent”

Question 47

DNA VS RNA

Answer 47

Different Sugars : Deoxyribose Sugars
→ DNA : Double Stranded, RNA: Single Stranded
→ DNA: Thymine RNA: Uracil
– Found in nucleus, nucleus and cytoplasm
–. Dna code of life, rna makes proteins using dna

Question 48

ATP

Answer 48

→ Adenosine triphosphate
→ Monomer
→ Energy Storage Molecule
→ High energy bonds between phosphate groups