Unit 1 Part 1

Question 1

phonics

Answer 1

the study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent

Question 2

phonemic awareness

Answer 2

the conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds.

Question 3

syllable

Answer 3

the unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel

Question 4

orthography

Answer 4

a writing system for representing language

Question 5

morphophonemic

Answer 5

English orthography is morphophonemic, which means that it is a deep alphabetic writing system organized by both “sound-symbol” correspondences and morphology.

Question 6

morpheme

Answer 6

the smallest meaningful unit of language; it may be a word or a part of a word; it may be a single sound (plural s), one syllable (suffix-full), or multiple syllables (prefix inter-)

Question 7

cognate

Answer 7

a word in one language that shares a common ancestor and common meanings with a word in another language.

Question 8

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 8

the ability to think about and reflect on the structure of language itself.

Question 9

word recognition

Answer 9

the accurate and fast retrieval of decoded word forms, is essential for the development of reading comprehension.

Question 10

language comprehension

Answer 10

refers to listening comprehension or the linguistic processes involved in the comprehension of oral language.

Question 11

decoding

Answer 11

the ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually employing knowledge of sound-symbol correspondences.

Question 12

discourse

Answer 12

written or spoken communication “or the exchange” of information and ideas, usually longer than a sentence, between individuals or between the writer and the reader.

Question 13

phonology

Answer 13

the rule system within a language by which phonemes can be sequenced, combined, and pronounced to make words. Single sounds (phonemes) are represented by alphabet letters. Letters are separate units. In English, they must be decoded from left to right.

Question 14

orthography

Answer 14

a writing system for representing language

Question 15

morphology

Answer 15

the study of meaningful units in a language and how the units are combined in word formation.

Question 16

semantics

Answer 16

the study of word and phrase meanings and relationships (words with similar meanings e.g. rank, order, sequence).

Question 17

syntax

Answer 17

the system of rules governing permissible word order in sentences

Question 18

pragmatics

Answer 18

the system of rules and conventions for using language and related gestures in a social context. (you would use different phrases, etc. with a friend than with a stranger.)

Question 19

academic language

Answer 19

written or spoken language that is more stylistically formal than spoken conversational language; language that is most often used in academic discourse and text.

Question 20

orthographic mapping

Answer 20

the mental process used to store words form immediate and effortless retrieval. It requires phonemic awareness, letter-sound knowledge, and the mechanism for sight word learning.

Question 21

Phonological processing system

Answer 21

encompasses several areas in the brain, enables us to perceive, remember, interpret, and produce the speech-sound system of our own language and learn the sounds of other languages.

Question 22

lexicon

Answer 22

the name for the mental dictionary in every person’s phonological processing system.

Question 23

grapheme

Answer 23

a letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in English (e.g. e, ei, eigh, eight).

Question 24

semantic processing system

Answer 24

involves many regions of the brain; it interprets the meanings of words in and out of context.

Question 25

saccade

Answer 25

rapid movement of the eye between fixated points

Question 26

What areas of the brain are involved in the phonological processing system?

Answer 26

areas in the base of the frontal lobe (left inferior frontal cortex) responsible for pronunciation and articulation, and the top, back part of the temporal lobe (the plane temporal) responsible for phoneme analysis and phoneme-grapheme association.

Question 27

What area of the brain is involved with orthographic processing and is the brain’ “letterbox”?

Answer 27

the occipital lobe

Question 28

What areas in the brain are responsible for language comprehension or connecting spoken words with their meanings?

Answer 28

the temporal lobe areas

Question 29

planum temporale

Answer 29

at the junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes where phonological and orthographic processing systems connect after the eyes see a printed word.

Question 30

What are the four parts of the processing model for word recognition?

Answer 30

context, meaning, phonological, orthographic