UNIT 1: Overview of Exceptionality Flashcards
the society makes ____ to identify people who vary significantly from the norm
not the process
descriptors
what is the proces of descriptors?
labelling
what is the purpose of labels?
to identify and provide services for students with learning, physical, and behavioral differences
*services - discounts, etc.
what are the common descriptors used to describe people with differences?
DDH
Disorder, disability, and handicap
these are not synonymous
the broadest of the three terms, refers to general disturbance in mental, physical, or psychological functioning
disorder
the term is more specific than a disorder and results from a loss of psychological functioning or from difficulty learning and social adjustment that significantly interferes with typical growth
disability
is a limitation imposed on the individual by the demands in the environment and is related to the individual’s ability to adapt or adjust to those demands
handicap
usually a negative term, has a narrow focus; cap in hand
a more comprehensive term, may be used to describe an indivual whose physical, intellectual, or behavioral performance differs substantially from the norm, either higher or lower
exceptional
includes those with extraordinary abilities and/or disabilities
what are the given benefits of people who are exceptional
individualized assistance, supports, or accomodation in school or society
True or False
Labels can be positive or negative.
True
Give labels that are positive and negative
positve: bright, intelligent, gifted
negative: radical, extremist, rebel
True or False
Labels are often based on facts.
False
based on ideas, not on facts
True or False
Labels can promote stereotyping, discrimination, and exclusion
True
If theuse of labels may have negative consequences, why is labeling used so extensively?
- to distinguish those who are eligible for services,
- to **protect **the child, to identify specific needs,
- to determine** degrees of needs**,
- to set priorities for services when societal resources are limited
what are three approaches that may be used to describe the nature and extent of someone who differs substantially from the norm
- a developmental approach
- a cultural view
- self labeling
Which of the three approach
by observing in large numbers of individuals those characteristics that occur most frequently at a specific age
A Developmental Approach
Which of the three approach
Normal is defined by societal values
A Cultural View
Which of the three approach
People are considered deviant when they do something that is disapproved of by others members within the dominant culture
A Cultural View
Which of the three approach
Self-imposed labels reflect how we perceive ourselves, not how others see us.
Self Labeling
True or False
Reactions to a label differ greatly from one person to another but can often be negative.
True
The old terms such as mental subnormality and mental handicap, generate a more ________.
negative reaction
that of newer terms such as learning difficulty and learning disability
What are the effects of being labeled?
- the person and the label may be inseparable
- the environment in which we view someone can influence our perceptions of that person.
Biological Perspectives
What perspective considers the brain and nervous system functions as underlying cases of psychological disorders in children and adults?
Neurobiological Perspective
Biological Perspectives
The brain shows ____ or malleability throughout the course of development.
neural plasticity
Biological Perspectives; True or False
Experience plays a role in brain development, with transaction occuring between ongoing brain development and environmental experiences.
True
Biological Perspectives
The consequences of ________ may be enduring and extremely difficult to change.
Traumatic Experience
Biological Perspectives
____ the basic physical and functional units of heredity.
Genes
Biological Perspectives; True or False
Most of our behavior, personality and intelligence are determined by many genes, each contributing only a small portion.
True
Biological Perspectives
____ produce tendencies to respond to the environment in certain ways, but they do not determine behavior.
Genes
Biological Perspectives
Areas of the brain that regulation different function and behaviors
- limbic system
- basal ganglia
- cerebral cortex
- frontal lobes
focuses of psychopathology
Biological Perspectives
HPA axis
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- adrenal glands
implicated in several disorders, especially anxiety and mood disorders
Biological Perspectives
What are the neurotransmitters that are most commonly implicated in psychopathology?
Serotonin, Benzodiazepine– GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine
Psychological Perspectives
core elements of human psychological experiences
emotions and affective expression
Psychological Perspectives
They are a primary form of communication to young children that permits them to explore their world with increasing independence.
Emotions
Psychological Perspectives
refers to individual differences in threshold and intensity of emotional experience, which provides clues to an individual’s level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.
Emotion reactivity
Psychological Perspectives
refers to the child’s organized style of behavior that appears early in development, such as fussiness or fearfulness.
Temperament
Psychological Perspectives
it examines the relationships behavior and its antecedents and consequences.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Psychological Perspectives
ABA is based on four primary operant learning principles:
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- extinction
- punishment
Psychological Perspectives
explains the acquisition of deviant behavior in the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
Classical Conditioning
Psychological Perspectives
it considers the influence of cognitive mediators that many influence the behaviors directly or indirectly.
Social Learning
Sociocultural Perspectives; True or False
Children’s normal and abnormal development does not depend on social and environmental contexts.
False; Children’s normal and abnormal development depends on social and environmental contexts.
3 disciplines concerned with supporting people with disabilities and their families in community setting:
medicine, psychology, sociology
____ is defined as the absence of biological problems
Normalcy
____ is an alterations in an organism caused by diseases
pathology
Focuses primarily on the biological problems and on defining the nature of the disease and its pathological effects on the individual
Disease model
Described man as a blank state
John Locke
When the behavior of an individual does not meet the criteria of normalcy, it is labeled as _____
abnormal
Looking into oneself to analyze experience
by Wilhelm Wundt
Principle of Introspection
William James expanded the principle of introspection to include learning, motivation, and emotions
Principle of Psychology
he shifted the focus of psychology from conscious experience to observable behavior and mental events
John B. Watson
This approach views abnormal behavior more as a result of an individual’s interaction with the environment than a disease.
Ecological Approach
Ranges of levels of maladjustment
slightly deviant or eccentric < neurotic disorder < psychotic disorders
They are concerned with modern cultures, group behaviors, societal institutions, and intergroup relationship.
Social Services professionals
True or False
Social differences are defined within the context of the culture.
True
True or False
Difference is defined as an expectation of a social norm.
False
Difference is defined as a violation of social norm.
a professional who specializes in the study of heredity
geneticist
a specially trained professional who counsels people about their chanes of producing a seriously ill infant, in reference to their genetic history
genetic counselor
a professional who provides service that help restore the function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities
physical therapist
a professional who specializes in developing self-care, work and play activities to increase independent function and quality of life, enhance development, and prevent disabilities
occupational therapist
