UNIT 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
The “science of body STRUCTURES” and the relationships among them.
- Example: Major organs like the liver and small structures such as the cells and tissues.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The “science of body FUNCTIONS” that is concerned with how the body works.
- Example: How the heart pumps blood and regulatory mechanisms that maintain the amount of blood ejected every minute (cardiac output).
A
Physiology
3
Q
Structure determines ________.
The structure of the provides insight into their function.
**So for example, the bones in the skull would have to be tightly joined in order to form a case that can protect the brain.
On the other hand, the bones in a finger would be more loose to allow movement.**
A
Function
4
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Refers to the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
A
Embryology
5
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Refers to the complete development of an individual (from birth to death).
A
Development Biology
6
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Cellular structures and functions.
A
Cell Biology
7
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Microscopic structures of tissues.
A
Histology
8
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
A
Gross Anatomy
9
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Structures of specific body systems.
A
Systemic Anatomy
10
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Specific regions of the body (e.g. head or chest).
A
Regional Anatomy
11
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Surface markings of the body.
A
Surface Anatomy
12
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Body surfaces that can be visualized with x-rays.
A
Radiographic Anatomy
13
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY -
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with a disease.
A
Pathological Anatomy
14
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
Functional properties of nerve cells.
A
Neurophysiology
15
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
A
Endocrinology
16
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY-
Functions of the heart and blood vessels
A
Cardiovascular Physiology
17
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
A
Immunology
18
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
A
Respiratory Physiology
19
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
Functions of the kidneys.
A
Renal Physiology
20
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
A
Exercise Physiology
21
Q
- SUBSPECIALTIES OF PHYSIOLOGY -
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
A
Pathophysiology
22
Q
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
The most basic level of organization with substances involving in chemical reactions.
- Example: atoms (smallest unit of matter), molecules (two or more atoms joined together)
A
Chemical Level
23
Q
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
Composed of chemical and are also the “smallest living units in the human body”.
A
Cellular Level
24
Q
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
Certain cells (group of cells) that work together and perform specific functions.
- Example: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve ___?
A
Tissue Level
25
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
Structures made up of two or more different tissue types and perform specific functions.
Organ Level
26
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
A system composed of several organs with common function.
- Example: The nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, and lung would all belong here.
Organ System Level
27
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
Organism with functioning body parts.
This is "you".
Organismal Level
28
- LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION -
Enumerate the six (6) levels of structural organization.
1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ system Level
6. Organismal Level
**CCTOOO
29
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Supports and protects the body
2. Provides surface area for muscle attachments.
3. Aids in Body movement.
4. Houses cells that rpoduce blood cells.
5. Stores minerals and lipids
Skeletal System
30
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system that is responsible for:
1. Protecting the body
2. Regulating the body temperature
3. Eliminating waste in the form of "sweat"
4. Aids in making Vitamin D
5. Detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, and cold)
Integumentary System
31
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system where skeletal muscle tissue is found.
Responsible for:
1. Body movement like walking
2. Maintains posture
3. Produces heat
Muscular System
32
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Generating action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities.
2. Detects changes in the body's internal and external environments.
3. Interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Nervous System
32
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Pumps blood through the blood vessels.
2. Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells.
3. Regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water content.
Cardiovascular System
33
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Regulating body activities by releasing body activities by releasing hormones in the blood to a target organ.
It houses hormone-producing glands like pineal gland, hypothalamus, etc.
Endocrine System
34
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Returns proteins and fluid to the blood
2. Carries lipid from the GTI tract to blood
3. Contains lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate.
Lymphatic System
35
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Physical and chemical breakdown of food.
2. Absorption of nutrients
3. Eliminates solid wastes.
Digestive System
35
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsibe for:
1. Transferring oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air.
2. Regulates acid-base blance of body fluids.
3. Produces sound.
Respiratory System
36
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
2. Eliminates wastes and regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood
3. Maintains acid-base balance of body fluids and body's mineral balance
4. Also regulates the production of red blood cells.
Urinary System
37
- BODY SYSTEMS -
Body system responsible for:
1. Releasing hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes.
Reproductive System
38
What are the six (6) main basic life processes that distinguish living organisms from non-living ones?
1. Metabolism (catabolism and anabolism)
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4, Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
**MRMGDR
39
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
This is the sum of all chemical processes or reactions in the body.
Metabolism
40
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
A metabolic chemical process the breaks down complex substances in simpler components.
complex --> simple
Catabolism
41
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
A metabolic chemical process that builds up complex chemical from simple and small components.
simple --> complex
Anabolism
42
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
This is the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside the cells.
Movement
42
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
This is the body's ability to detect and respond to changes or stimuli.
Give an external and internal stimulus example.
Responsiveness
- External stimulus: Turning your head toward the sound of a beeping car.
- Internal stimulus: Feeling thirsty; nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals (nerve impulses) as a response.
43
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
This is the increase in body size that results in an increase in the size of existing cells/increase in the number of cells or both
Growth
44
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
45
- BASIC LIFE PROCESSES -
Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
Reproduction
46
This the state of equilibrium in the body's internal environment.
Simply, this is the state of being healthy
- Example: When blood glucose increases, insulin will be released by the pancreas.
Homeostasis
47
These are fluids found inside the cells.
Intracellular fluid
48
The ___________ ____________ is a cycle of events in which the status of the body is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated, and so on.
Feedback system
48
These are fluids found in the interstitial space (between cells) anf in the plasma inside blood vessels.
Extracellular fluid
49
A stimulus is sensed by a ________, which sends a signal to the __________. This will now send signals to the ________ cells to respond to the stimulus.
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
50
What are the two types of feedback systems? Differentiate the two.
Negative and positive feedback
- Negative is the most common feedback where it just "reverses" a changed in a controlled situation.
- Positive feedback "strengthens" or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.
51
When blood glucose level is increased, the receptors in the pancreas will detect and produce insulin.
What feedback system is this and explain the process of this feedback.
Negative feedback system
This system just reverses the change in order to bring the body back to homeostasis.
52
In childbirth, the baby's head in the cervix stimulates the pituitary gland to produce oxytocin which will then stimulate uterine contraction. This will push the baby towards the cervix.
What feedback system is this and explain the process of this feedback.
Positive feedback system
This system strengthens or reinforces a change in the body's controlled condition. In this case, what was strengthened are the uterine contractions.
53
Describe what the patient is looks like when doing an anatomical position.
1. The person stands erect facing the observer with the head level and eyes facing directly forward.
2. The feet are flat on the ground and directed forward.
3. The upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
54
- ANATOMICAL POSITION -
The body is lying face down.
Prone position
55
- ANATOMICAL POSITION -
The body is lying face up
Supine position
56
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Toward the head or the upper part of the body.
- Example: The eyes are ________ to the mouth.
Superior (up)
57
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Away from the head or lower part of a structure.
- Example: The stomach is _______ to the lungs.
Inferior (down)
58
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Nearer to or the front of the body.
- Example: The thymus gland is ________ to the heart.
Anterior (front)
59
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Nearer to or at the back of the body.
- Example: The retina is at the _________ part of the eyes.
Posterior (back)
60
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Farther or away from the midline.
- Example: The thumb is ________ to the 5th digit.
Lateral
61
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Near the midline.
- Example: The ulna is _______ to the radius.
Medial
62
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Between two structures.
- Example: The heart is ________ to the lungs.
Intermediate
63
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
On the same side of the body as another structure
- Example: The pancreas and the descending colon are _________.
Ipsilateral
64
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
- Example: The ascending colon and descending colon are ________.
Contralateral
65
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Near to the attachment of a. limb to the trunk or nearer to the origin of a structure.
- Example: The femur is _______ to the tibia and fibula.
Proximal
66
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origin.
- Example: The radius is _______ to the humerus.
Distal
67
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Toward or on the surface of the body.
- Example: The ribs are _______ to the lungs.
Superficial
68
- DIRECTIONAL TERMS -
Away from the surface of the body.
- Example: The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back.
Deep
69
These are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.
Planes
70
- PLANES -
Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right sides.
Sagittal plane
71
- PLANES -
What specific sagittal plane divides at the midline?
Midsagittal plane
72
- PLANES -
What specific sagittal plane divides the body or organ into unequal sides?
Parasagittal plane
73
- PLANES -
Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Coronal or frontal plane
74
- PLANES -
Divides the body or organ into superior (up) and inferior (down) portions
Transverse plane
75
- PLANES -
Passes through the body or organ at an angle.
Oblique plane
76
These are spaces within the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.
Body cavities
77
What are the three (3) main body cavities?
- Cranial cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
78
Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginning and of the spinal nerves.
Vertebral (Spinal) Canal
79
This cavity contains the brain.
Cranial Cavity
80
This is the chest cavity; contains the pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum.
Thoracic Cavity
81
Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the "pleura".
Pleural Cavity
82
This lines the walls of the pleural cavity.
Parietal pleura
83
This covers the lungs.
Visceral pleura
84
Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane is the "pericardium".
Pericardial cavity
85
This lines the pericardial cavity.
Parietal pericardium
86
This covers the heart.
Visceral pericardium
87
What does the mediastinum contain?
- Heart
- Thymus
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Large blood vessels
88
This is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
Contains:
- Heart
- Thymus
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Large blood vessels
Mediastinum
89
Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
Its serous membrane is "peritoneum".
Abdominal cavity
90
Lines the peritoneal cavity wall.
Parietal peritoneum
91
Covers the viscera within the abdominal wall.
Visceral peritoneum
92
Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Pelvic cavity
93
What are the nine (9) abdominopelvic regions?
R-Hypochondriac | Epigastric |
R-Lumbar | Umbilical |
R-Inguinal | Hypogastric |
