Unit 1^ Organisms & LIfe Processes Flashcards
Characteristics of living organisms = name 8:
>require NUTRITION >they RESPIRE >they EXCRETE their waste >RESPOND to their surroundings >they MOVE >CONTROL internal conditions >REPRODUCE >GROW + DEVELOP
What do ribosomes do?
Ribosomes make cell proteins (enzymes are made of protein)
What is the largest cell organelle and what is its function?
largest cell organelle is NUCLEUS
It controls cell activities
contains chromosomes +genes
What is the mitochondrias function
Mitochondria is where respiration takes place
Where sugar is broken down to energy for the cell
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Cell membrane controls what goes IN & OUT
its only permeable to some chemicals
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm protects cell organelles
What is the plant cell wall made of and what is it’s function?
Cell wall is made of cellulose
The cell wall keeps the cell shape as it grows
What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?
Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll which absorbs energy from the sun
Photosynthesis occurs here
What is function of vacuole ?
Vacuole contains cell sap
& stores food+waste products
What does a tonoplast do?
Tonoplast keeps vacuole acidic
Name 3 similarities between plant and animal cells:
> both have nucleus
both have cell membrane
both have cytoplasm
Name 3 differences between plant and animal cells:
> plant cells have chloroplasts
plant cells have cell wall
plant cells have vacuole
Give the balanced symbol and word equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
carbon dioxide + water ~> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O ~> C6H12O6 + 6O2
How can u test if a plant needs Co2?
To test if a plant need Co2 :
put it in a sealed glass jar with soda lime(absorbs Co2)
then test the plant for starch (iodine test)
^no starch cos the plant couldn’t photosynthesise w/o Co2
How do you test that plants need sunlight?
To test a plant to prove it needs sunlight
u need a variegated leaf(naturally has parts w/ & w/o chlorophyll)
Boil in water
Boil in ethanol
Wash
Put iodine solution on it
^the parts w/chlorophyll will have +ve starch test
Describe the process of photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is when chloroplasts in a plant cell use light energy (absorbed by chloroplasts) to convert CO2 to H2O into chemical energy (glucose + o2)
Give the balanced symbol and word equation for RESPIRATION?
glucose + oxygen ~> water +carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ~>6CO2 + 6H2O
What does respiration do?
Respiration converts glucose + o2 ~> water + co2
This provides energy! ATP
Why do cells need energy?
To move
Active transport
Building proteins
Cell division
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants:
anaerobic respiration in plants:
glucose ~> ethanol + CO2
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans:
anaerobic respiration in humans:
glucose ~> lactic acid
Where does respiration take place?
Respiration takes place in the mitochondria
What indicator turns from orange to yellow in presence of Co2?
HYDROGEN CARBONATE INDICATOR
turns from orange~> yellow
^in presence of Co2
Explain why plants need to respire?
Plants need to respire
Cos they can only photosynthesise in sunlight
They still need energy when dark i.e. respiration
What is a pathogen?
A virus, fungi, protoctist or bacteria that causes disease
What kingdom contains saprotrophic feeders and what is this feeding ?
FUNGI contain saprotrophic feeders
Saprotrophic feeding is using enzymes to decompose decaying matter to obtain nutrition
What is a fungi cell wall made of?
Chitin
Why do we need cellulose in our diet?
We need cellulose in our diets cos it is a source of
DIETARY FIBRE
which gives muscles somethin to push against =prevents disease + bowel cancer
How do viruses obtain nutrition?
Viruses obtain nutrition thru the host cell
Name 3 ways protoctists can obtain nutrition:
> photosynthesis
decompose decaying matter
feed on other organisms
Name a protoctist pathogen and what disease it causes
PLASMODIUM (a protoctist) causes malaria
Name a bacterium pathogen and what disease it causes
Bacterium: pneumococcus
causes..
Disease: Pneumonia
Name a virus that causes a disease
HIV virus causes AIDS
What 2 types of cell have more mitochondria and why
Nerve cells + muscle cells
Cos they need more energy
What does amylase do?
The enzyme amylase breaks down starch into maltose
Give 3 factors that effect the rate of diffusion
1) CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (the steeper the better e.g. more o2 outside of cell)
2) LARGER SA ( will mean faster diffusion)
3) higher TEMPERATURE (particles have more kinetic energy)
What is the gas exchange system + what organs r involved
It exchanges o2 + co2
Includes the lungs
What is the circulatory system + what organs r involved
Heart + blood vessels which transfer materials around the body
What is the excretory system + what organs r involved
Kidneys, which filter toxic waste materials from the blood
What is the nervous system + what organs r involved
Coordinates body’s actions
Consisting of the brain, spinal cord + nerves
What is the endocrine system
Glands secreting hormones which act as chemical messengers
What is the reproductive system + what organs r involved?
Produces sperm in males, eggs in females
Allowing the development of an EMBRYO
What is a eukaryotic organism + give some examples
Eukaryote = organism w a NUCLEUS
i.e. animals,plants, protoctist + fungi
What is a prokaryotic organism + give some examples
Prokaryote= an organism w NO NUCLEUS
i.e. bacteria
Give 3 reasons that prove why viruses are non living
- do not feed
- do not excrete
- do not move
How does a virus reproduce 🦠
It enters the host cell and injects its nucleic acid in— forcing the host cell to reproduce multiple copies of the virus
Invertebrate
Animal without a backbone
Hyphae
Thread like structures 🧵 of cells in FUNGI
What is meant by the term ORGAN
A group of tissues that carry out the same function
What is meant by the term TISSUE
A group of similar cells with a similar function
What is meant by the term ORGAN SYSTEM
Group of organs working together to carry out the same job
Suggest 2 reasons a result from any experiment can be rejected
1) it could be an anomaly
2) the experiment wasn’t repeated
Explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells
Cell differentiation is a process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.
Weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine
💚 stem cells can replace faulty cells
💚 can make nerve cells for ppl who are paralysed w spinal injuries
💔stem cells grown in a lab can get contaminated + if passed on can make the patient sicker
💔an embryo = potential for human life (pro-life campaigners anti)
