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IGCSE Biology > Unit 1^ Organisms & LIfe Processes > Flashcards

Unit 1^ Organisms & LIfe Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of living organisms = name 8:

A 
>require NUTRITION
>they RESPIRE
>they EXCRETE their waste
>RESPOND to their surroundings
>they MOVE
>CONTROL internal conditions
>REPRODUCE
>GROW + DEVELOP
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2
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes make cell proteins (enzymes are made of protein)

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3
Q

What is the largest cell organelle and what is its function?

A

largest cell organelle is NUCLEUS
It controls cell activities
contains chromosomes +genes

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4
Q

What is the mitochondrias function

A

Mitochondria is where respiration takes place

Where sugar is broken down to energy for the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Cell membrane controls what goes IN & OUT

its only permeable to some chemicals

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm protects cell organelles

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7
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of and what is it’s function?

A

Cell wall is made of cellulose

The cell wall keeps the cell shape as it grows

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8
Q

What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?

A

Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll which absorbs energy from the sun
Photosynthesis occurs here

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9
Q

What is function of vacuole ?

A

Vacuole contains cell sap

& stores food+waste products

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10
Q

What does a tonoplast do?

A

Tonoplast keeps vacuole acidic

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11
Q

Name 3 similarities between plant and animal cells:

A

> both have nucleus
both have cell membrane
both have cytoplasm

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12
Q

Name 3 differences between plant and animal cells:

A

> plant cells have chloroplasts
plant cells have cell wall
plant cells have vacuole

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13
Q

Give the balanced symbol and word equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

A

carbon dioxide + water ~> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O ~> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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14
Q

How can u test if a plant needs Co2?

A

To test if a plant need Co2 :
put it in a sealed glass jar with soda lime(absorbs Co2)
then test the plant for starch (iodine test)
^no starch cos the plant couldn’t photosynthesise w/o Co2

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15
Q

How do you test that plants need sunlight?

A

To test a plant to prove it needs sunlight
u need a variegated leaf(naturally has parts w/ & w/o chlorophyll)
Boil in water
Boil in ethanol
Wash
Put iodine solution on it
^the parts w/chlorophyll will have +ve starch test

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16
Q

Describe the process of photosynthesis:

A

Photosynthesis is when chloroplasts in a plant cell use light energy (absorbed by chloroplasts) to convert CO2 to H2O into chemical energy (glucose + o2)

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17
Q

Give the balanced symbol and word equation for RESPIRATION?

A

glucose + oxygen ~> water +carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ~>6CO2 + 6H2O

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18
Q

What does respiration do?

A

Respiration converts glucose + o2 ~> water + co2

This provides energy! ATP

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19
Q

Why do cells need energy?

A

To move
Active transport
Building proteins
Cell division

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20
Q

State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants:

A

anaerobic respiration in plants:

glucose ~> ethanol + CO2

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21
Q

State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans:

A

anaerobic respiration in humans:

glucose ~> lactic acid

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22
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

Respiration takes place in the mitochondria

23
Q

What indicator turns from orange to yellow in presence of Co2?

A

HYDROGEN CARBONATE INDICATOR
turns from orange~> yellow
^in presence of Co2

24
Q

Explain why plants need to respire?

A

Plants need to respire
Cos they can only photosynthesise in sunlight
They still need energy when dark i.e. respiration

25
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A virus, fungi, protoctist or bacteria that causes disease

26
Q

What kingdom contains saprotrophic feeders and what is this feeding ?

A

FUNGI contain saprotrophic feeders

Saprotrophic feeding is using enzymes to decompose decaying matter to obtain nutrition

27
Q

What is a fungi cell wall made of?

A

Chitin

28
Q

Why do we need cellulose in our diet?

A

We need cellulose in our diets cos it is a source of
DIETARY FIBRE
which gives muscles somethin to push against =prevents disease + bowel cancer

29
Q

How do viruses obtain nutrition?

A

Viruses obtain nutrition thru the host cell

30
Q

Name 3 ways protoctists can obtain nutrition:

A

> photosynthesis
decompose decaying matter
feed on other organisms

31
Q

Name a protoctist pathogen and what disease it causes

A

PLASMODIUM (a protoctist) causes malaria

32
Q

Name a bacterium pathogen and what disease it causes

A

Bacterium: pneumococcus
causes..
Disease: Pneumonia

33
Q

Name a virus that causes a disease

A

HIV virus causes AIDS

34
Q

What 2 types of cell have more mitochondria and why

A

Nerve cells + muscle cells

Cos they need more energy

35
Q

What does amylase do?

A

The enzyme amylase breaks down starch into maltose

36
Q

Give 3 factors that effect the rate of diffusion

A

1) CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (the steeper the better e.g. more o2 outside of cell)
2) LARGER SA ( will mean faster diffusion)
3) higher TEMPERATURE (particles have more kinetic energy)

37
Q

What is the gas exchange system + what organs r involved

A

It exchanges o2 + co2

Includes the lungs

38
Q

What is the circulatory system + what organs r involved

A

Heart + blood vessels which transfer materials around the body

39
Q

What is the excretory system + what organs r involved

A

Kidneys, which filter toxic waste materials from the blood

40
Q

What is the nervous system + what organs r involved

A

Coordinates body’s actions

Consisting of the brain, spinal cord + nerves

41
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Glands secreting hormones which act as chemical messengers

42
Q

What is the reproductive system + what organs r involved?

A

Produces sperm in males, eggs in females

Allowing the development of an EMBRYO

43
Q

What is a eukaryotic organism + give some examples

A

Eukaryote = organism w a NUCLEUS

i.e. animals,plants, protoctist + fungi

44
Q

What is a prokaryotic organism + give some examples

A

Prokaryote= an organism w NO NUCLEUS

i.e. bacteria

45
Q

Give 3 reasons that prove why viruses are non living

A
  • do not feed
  • do not excrete
  • do not move
46
Q

How does a virus reproduce 🦠

A

It enters the host cell and injects its nucleic acid in— forcing the host cell to reproduce multiple copies of the virus

47
Q

Invertebrate

A

Animal without a backbone

48
Q

Hyphae

A

Thread like structures 🧵 of cells in FUNGI

49
Q

What is meant by the term ORGAN

A

A group of tissues that carry out the same function

50
Q

What is meant by the term TISSUE

A

A group of similar cells with a similar function

51
Q

What is meant by the term ORGAN SYSTEM

A

Group of organs working together to carry out the same job

52
Q

Suggest 2 reasons a result from any experiment can be rejected

A

1) it could be an anomaly

2) the experiment wasn’t repeated

53
Q

Explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells

A

Cell differentiation is a process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

54
Q

Weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine

A

💚 stem cells can replace faulty cells
💚 can make nerve cells for ppl who are paralysed w spinal injuries

💔stem cells grown in a lab can get contaminated + if passed on can make the patient sicker
💔an embryo = potential for human life (pro-life campaigners anti)

IGCSE Biology (6 decks)

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