Unit 1^ Organisms & LIfe Processes Flashcards by Anna McHugh

Characteristics of living organisms = name 8:

>require NUTRITION
>they RESPIRE
>they EXCRETE their waste
>RESPOND to their surroundings
>they MOVE
>CONTROL internal conditions
>REPRODUCE
>GROW + DEVELOP

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What do ribosomes do?

Ribosomes make cell proteins (enzymes are made of protein)

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What is the largest cell organelle and what is its function?

largest cell organelle is NUCLEUS
It controls cell activities
contains chromosomes +genes

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What is the mitochondrias function

Mitochondria is where respiration takes place

Where sugar is broken down to energy for the cell

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

Cell membrane controls what goes IN & OUT

its only permeable to some chemicals

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What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm protects cell organelles

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What is the plant cell wall made of and what is it’s function?

Cell wall is made of cellulose

The cell wall keeps the cell shape as it grows

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What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?

Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll which absorbs energy from the sun
Photosynthesis occurs here

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What is function of vacuole ?

Vacuole contains cell sap

& stores food+waste products

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What does a tonoplast do?

Tonoplast keeps vacuole acidic

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Name 3 similarities between plant and animal cells:

> both have nucleus
both have cell membrane
both have cytoplasm

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Name 3 differences between plant and animal cells:

> plant cells have chloroplasts
plant cells have cell wall
plant cells have vacuole

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Give the balanced symbol and word equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

carbon dioxide + water ~> glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O ~> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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How can u test if a plant needs Co2?

To test if a plant need Co2 :
put it in a sealed glass jar with soda lime(absorbs Co2)
then test the plant for starch (iodine test)
^no starch cos the plant couldn’t photosynthesise w/o Co2

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How do you test that plants need sunlight?

To test a plant to prove it needs sunlight
u need a variegated leaf(naturally has parts w/ & w/o chlorophyll)
Boil in water
Boil in ethanol
Wash
Put iodine solution on it
^the parts w/chlorophyll will have +ve starch test

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Describe the process of photosynthesis:

Photosynthesis is when chloroplasts in a plant cell use light energy (absorbed by chloroplasts) to convert CO2 to H2O into chemical energy (glucose + o2)

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Give the balanced symbol and word equation for RESPIRATION?

glucose + oxygen ~> water +carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ~>6CO2 + 6H2O

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What does respiration do?

Respiration converts glucose + o2 ~> water + co2

This provides energy! ATP

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Why do cells need energy?

To move
Active transport
Building proteins
Cell division

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State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants:

anaerobic respiration in plants:

glucose ~> ethanol + CO2

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State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans:

anaerobic respiration in humans:

glucose ~> lactic acid

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Where does respiration take place?

Respiration takes place in the mitochondria

What indicator turns from orange to yellow in presence of Co2?

HYDROGEN CARBONATE INDICATOR
turns from orange~> yellow
^in presence of Co2

Explain why plants need to respire?

Plants need to respire
Cos they can only photosynthesise in sunlight
They still need energy when dark i.e. respiration

What is a pathogen?

A virus, fungi, protoctist or bacteria that causes disease

What kingdom contains saprotrophic feeders and what is this feeding ?

FUNGI contain saprotrophic feeders Saprotrophic feeding is using enzymes to decompose decaying matter to obtain nutrition

What is a fungi cell wall made of?

Chitin

Why do we need cellulose in our diet?

We need cellulose in our diets cos it is a source of DIETARY FIBRE which gives muscles somethin to push against =prevents disease + bowel cancer

How do viruses obtain nutrition?

Viruses obtain nutrition thru the host cell

Name 3 ways protoctists can obtain nutrition:

>photosynthesis >decompose decaying matter >feed on other organisms

Name a protoctist pathogen and what disease it causes

PLASMODIUM (a protoctist) causes malaria

Name a bacterium pathogen and what disease it causes

Bacterium: pneumococcus causes.. Disease: Pneumonia

Name a virus that causes a disease

HIV virus causes AIDS

What 2 types of cell have more mitochondria and why

Nerve cells + muscle cells | Cos they need more energy

What does amylase do?

The enzyme amylase breaks down starch into maltose

Give 3 factors that effect the rate of diffusion

1) CONCENTRATION GRADIENT (the steeper the better e.g. more o2 outside of cell) 2) LARGER SA ( will mean faster diffusion) 3) higher TEMPERATURE (particles have more kinetic energy)

What is the gas exchange system + what organs r involved

It exchanges o2 + co2 | Includes the lungs

What is the circulatory system + what organs r involved

Heart + blood vessels which transfer materials around the body

What is the excretory system + what organs r involved

Kidneys, which filter toxic waste materials from the blood

What is the nervous system + what organs r involved

Coordinates body’s actions | Consisting of the brain, spinal cord + nerves

What is the endocrine system

Glands secreting hormones which act as chemical messengers

What is the reproductive system + what organs r involved?

Produces sperm in males, eggs in females | Allowing the development of an EMBRYO

What is a eukaryotic organism + give some examples

Eukaryote = organism w a NUCLEUS | i.e. animals,plants, protoctist + fungi

What is a prokaryotic organism + give some examples

Prokaryote= an organism w NO NUCLEUS | i.e. bacteria

Give 3 reasons that prove why viruses are non living

* do not feed * do not excrete * do not move

How does a virus reproduce 🦠

It enters the host cell and injects its nucleic acid in— forcing the host cell to reproduce multiple copies of the virus

Invertebrate

Animal without a backbone

Hyphae

Thread like structures 🧵 of cells in FUNGI

What is meant by the term ORGAN

A group of tissues that carry out the same function

What is meant by the term TISSUE

A group of similar cells with a similar function

What is meant by the term ORGAN SYSTEM

Group of organs working together to carry out the same job

Suggest 2 reasons a result from any experiment can be rejected

1) it could be an anomaly | 2) the experiment wasn’t repeated

Explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells

Cell differentiation is a process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

Weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine

💚 stem cells can replace faulty cells 💚 can make nerve cells for ppl who are paralysed w spinal injuries 💔stem cells grown in a lab can get contaminated + if passed on can make the patient sicker 💔an embryo = potential for human life (pro-life campaigners anti)