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Chemistry GR 12 > Unit 1: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

The study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element

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2
Q

Why can carbon for a huge number of compounds?

A

It has a bonding capacity of 4

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3
Q

Organic Family

A

Organizing compounds according to a particular combination of atoms in each molecule

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4
Q

What are the 3 main functional groups of organic families?

A

1) Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds
(Double or triple bonds)
2) Single bonds between a carbon atom and a more electronegative atom (-C-O-,-C-N-,-C-Cl)
3) A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom (-C=O)

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5
Q

In which cases are Carbon-Carbon bonds reactive or unreactive?

A
  • Single C-C bonds are strong covalent bonds and unreactive

- Double or tripled C-C bonds are more reactive

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6
Q

When a C atom is added to a more electronegative atom is the bond polar or non-polar? What does this mean?

A
  • Polar
  • The electrons are held more closely to the more electronegative atom
  • The increase of polarity increases the intermolecular attraction making the amount of energy needed to separate them stronger
  • Melting and boiling points will increase
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7
Q

In a double bonded carbon oxygen structure will the electrons be more attracted to the C or the O? Will the bond be polar or non-polar? How will this affect the boiling point, melting point, and solubility?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Polar
  • Increase
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8
Q

What are the 4 types of Hydrocarbons?

A

1) Alkanes- Single bonds
2) Alkenes-At least one double bond
3) Alkyne- St least one triple bond
4) Alkyl Group- A branch attached to the main hydrocarbon chain

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9
Q

Aliphatic VS Aromatic

A

Aliphatic- Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes in straight lines or circles
Aromatic- Benzene rings with bond strengths between single and double bonds

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10
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but have a different structural formula (Shape) and different name. The more carbon atoms there are the higher the number of possible isomers.

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11
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas. All alkanes having 4 or more carbons are capable of showing structural isomerism.

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12
Q

Functional Group

A

A structural arrangement of atoms that imparts particular characteristics on a molecule

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13
Q

Nomenclature

A

The method of naming molecules so that they ca be more easily differentiated from one another

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14
Q

Physical Properties

A

How the type and position of functional groups affects boiling point, melting point, and solubility.

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15
Q

Reactions

A

Reactions by which the molecules are made or broken

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16
Q

What are the 4 physical properties of hydrocarbons?

A

1) C-H bonds are relatively non-polar
2) This means the only intermolecular attractions are weak VanderWaals forces
3) These forces are easily overcome, causing low boiling, and melting points
4) Their non-polar nature also give hydrocarbons low solubility in water (gasoline and water don’t mix well)

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17
Q

What are the 2 reactions types of Alkanes?

A

1) Combustion with O2; two types

2) Substitution with (Halogens F2, Cl2, Br2)

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18
Q

What are the two types of combustion? Whats the difference?

A

1) Complete
Occurs when there is an excess of oxygen. The only products are CO2 and H2O
2) Incomplete
Occurs when oxygen is limited. Products may be include Co2, CO, C and H2O

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19
Q

What is substitution reaction?

A
  • When an H atom is substituted fro a F, Cl, or Br atom and the product formed is a halogenated alkane
  • The halogen atom is the functional group; family is called akyl halides
20
Q

What is the reaction type of Alkenes and Alkynes?

A

Addition

21
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Where atoms are added to the molecule with no loss of H atoms. Always at the expense of the double or triple bond

22
Q

What are the 4 types of addition reactions? (Look in loose notes for examples)

A

1) Halogenation (With Br2 or Cl2)
2) Hydrogenation (With H2)
3) Hydrohalogenation (With hydrogen halides like HBr or HCl)
4) Hydration (With H2O)

23
Q

What is important for the added atoms for hydration and hydrohalogenation reactions?

A

The placement of the added atoms

24
Q

Markovnikovs Rule

A

States that when a hydrogen halide or water is added to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom bonds to the carbon atom within the double bond that already has more hydrogen (The rich get richer)

25
Q

Do aromatics undergo substitution or addition? (Look in loose notes for examples)

A

Substitution

26
Q

What are the 2 important points about aromatics?

A
  • The hydrogen atoms of a benzene ring are more easily replaces in those in an alkane
  • Reactivity of aromatic hydrocarbons is intermediate between alkanes and alkenes
27
Q

Organic Halide

A

A compound of carbon and hydrogen in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms

28
Q

What are the 4 halogen atoms?

A

1) F
2) Cl
3) Br
4) I
5) At

29
Q

What letter is used to represent an alkyl group?

A

“R”

30
Q

What are the steps to naming organic halides? (Look in loose notes for examples)

A

1) Name the parent chain
2) Add the prefix of the halogens(s) that is attached. Don forget to indicate the number of the carbon that the half if attached to

31
Q

What are the 4 shortened halogen name prefixes?

A

1) Fluoro
2) Chloro
3) Bromo
3) Iodo
* The halogen atom is considered as an attachment on the parent hydrocarbon chain*

32
Q

What are the properties of organic halides?

A

1) The addition of the halide group causes the C-X bond to be polarized
2) The polarized bond results in the molecule being polar
3) Intermolecular forces will increase
4) The energy required to separate molecules from one another will increase
5) Melting and boiling points increase
6) Solubility increases

Remember: Like dissolves Like

33
Q

What are the 2 methods of preparing organic halides?

A

1) Addition Reactions
- Alkenes and alkynes; organic halides
- Reactions with halogens of hydrogen halides
2) Substitution
- Alkanes and aromatics undergo substitution reactions with halogens
* Remember: Aromatics undergo substitution reactions!*

34
Q

What kinds of reaction is used for Organic Halides?

A

Elimination Reaction

35
Q

Elimination Reaction

A

A hydrogen and a halide ion are removed from neighbouring carbon atoms. A double bond is formed.

36
Q

What are the 4 common organic halides?

A

1) CFC’s; Coolant in air conditioners and refrigerators
2) Teflon; Non-stick coating
3) DDT; Insecticide
4) PCB’s; Used in electrical transformers

37
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule of relatively low molar mass that is linked with other is liar molecules to form a polymer

38
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule of large molar mass that consists of many repeating subunits called monomers

39
Q

Plastics

A

Generally flexible and mouldable solids or viscous shapes

40
Q

Crosslinking

A

Specific monomers can be used to build bridges between long polymer chains. The more crosslinks that for the stronger the attractions holding the chains to each other. The links formed are covalent bonds this makes the material much stronger. Inorganic cross linking agents can be used (ex: Sulphur is used to harden latex rubber)

41
Q

Review Naming Hydrocarbons

A

.

42
Q

Review Addition Reactions.

A

.

43
Q

Review Aromatic Examples

A

.

44
Q

Review Reactions of Hydrocarbons Assignment

A

.

45
Q

Review Organic Chemistry Naming Worksheets

A

.

46
Q

Review Foldable

A

.

47
Q

Review Reaction Pathways of Alcohols

A

.

Chemistry GR 12 (5 decks)

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