Unit 1 Mrs Horsley Flashcards
What is growth
Growth is sometimes referred to as physiological change,it describes an increase in length or height,weight and dimensions
What is the 4 principles of growth
-Growth rates are not constant.
-Different parts of the body grow at different rates.
-Growth rates vary between children.
-The growth rate of boys is usually faster on average than that of girls, as men tend to be taller than women.
How are infants measured
In the first 2 year an infant mrs length is measured when lying down
From 2 years old their height is measured when standing
What are the principles of development
Physical development
Intellectual/cognitive development
Emotional development
Social development
What does development mean
It’s describes the acquisition of skills and abilities through the life stages
What is a development milestone
The rate of development may vary between individuals but it follows the same sequence, with each stage called a milestone (developmental norm). The diagram shows language milestones up to 8 years.
What are gross motor skills
They are skills which allow children to control the large muscles in their torso,arms,legs,hands and feet
What are the steps of infancy 0-2 gross motor skills
1-infants develop gross motor skills from the head down
2-around 6 months, gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they roll,sit crawl
3-around 11-13 months they develop muscles in their legs so can walk,stand cruise
4-2 years can climb onto low furniture
Examples of gross motor skills
Walking
Climbing
Pushing
Kicking
Jumping
Early childhood 3-8 years
From 3-4 years old can balance and walk along a line
At about 5-8 years old can balance on a low beam
What are fine motor skills
Are important for controlling and coordinating the movement of the small muscles in the fingers and hands for example picking up a pencil
Age stages of fine motor skills
-newborn keep their hands closed most of the time,they have an automatic grasp reflex usually disappears by 3 months
-6 months can grasp an object/hold a toy
-by 9 months the movement in hand become more refined and most children can use fingers and thumb to hold objects
How can activities help gripping in fine motor skills
Having the strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly
Activity would be holding a rattle,tricycle handle or spoon
What is adolescence
An important status change following the a set of puberty during which a young person develops from child into an adult.
It’s between 9years to 18 years old
What is puberty
A period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce and secondary sexual characteristics develop
What is a hormones
A chemical substances produced in the body and transported in the blood stream that control or regulate body cells or body organs
When do girls and boy start puberty
Girls start between 11-13 years
Boys start between 13-15years
They will both experience ‘growth spurt ‘ which is where they grow at a rapid paste
What happens to boys and girls when reproductive organs become functional
Boys will produce sperm
Girls release eggs which when fertilized by sperm can result in pregnancy
Boys produce testosterone which is produced by the testes which stimulates growth of the penis and testes public hair growth
Girls ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone they control the development and function of the reproductive organs which enable most males and females l to produce children
What are the primary sexual characteristics of a girl
Menstruation begins
Ovulation occurs
Ulterior and Vagina grow
What is a primary sexual characteristic
These are the processes that are related to sec organs that are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released
What are secondary sexual characteristics
These are not necessary for reproduction they develop when sex hormones are released
What are the secondary characteristics of a girls
Growth of armpit and public hair
Increases layers of fat under the skin
Breasts enlarge
Growth spurt
Hips widen
What are the primary characteristics of boys
Penis enlarges
prostate glad produce secretions
Testes enlarge and process sperm
What are the secondary sexual characteristics of boys
Growth of facial hair
Growth of armpit chest and public hair
Increases muscle
Growth spurt
Larynx grows (voice box) causing the voice to deepen (break)
What age is early adulthood
Between 19 and 45 years of age
What are examples of physical maturity
Individuals reach physical maturity in n early adulthood
-full height is reached
-reaction time is quickest
-hand-eye coordination is at its peak
-sexual characteristics are fully developed
What happens to women n this stage of early adulthood
At the beginning women will be their most fertile but around 40-45 years old they reach the end of their reproductive years this period is called perimenopause
What happens during menopause in early adulthood
The reduction in estrogen causes physical and emotional symptoms that include
Hot flushes
Night sweats
Mood swings
Vaginal dryness
What age is middle adulthood describes the middle adulthood
Between 45- 64 years of age
What physical changes happen to n middle adulthood
Begins to show signs of age if such as thinning and getting hair
Begin to lose muscle tone and strength
Body shape may changes
What is the age for later adulthood
From 65 years old onwards
What are some effects of ageing
Less elasticity in the skin
Decline in strength
Loss of muscle
Loss of stamina
Reduction in hearing
What happens intellectual ability in n later adulthood
Aging does not always impacted on cognitive ability but it can negatively affect how individuals process information
Examples:
Memory
Recall
Speed of thinking
What is intellectual development
It’s about how you individuals organize ideas and make sense of the world around them
What are the types of intellectual development
Problem solving
Language development
Memory
Abstract thought and creative thinking
Moral development
What did Piaget believe about stages of cognitive development
Piaget beloved that children pass through distinct development stages is sequence.he thought children should be allowed to discover things for themselves though spontaneous play
What were the criticisms of Piaget stages
Some critics believe that Piaget underestimate children’s development and that with support they can move more quickly to the next stage of development
What are the 4 stages of Piaget development
1sensorimotor
2.pre-operational
3. Concrete operations
4.formal operations
What is language development
It involves communication through articulation (speech) and receptive speech (understanding)
Who invented language Acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky proposed the LAD as the hypothetical part of human mind that allows infants to acquire and produce language
What are the criticisms of Chomsky
1.lack of scientific evidence of innate understanding of structure of language
2.the rate of language development is affected by the degree of interaction with other
3.does not take into account that the language acquisition support system is required
4. Chomsky put emphasis on grammar in sentence development rather than meanings
What is the theories of attachment (bowlbys)
Attachment is the emotional bond that is formed between infants and young children and their main caregiver
What is the difference between self-image l,self concept and self esteem in emotional development
Self imagine-how individuals view themselves,influenced by how they are perceived by others
Self-concept-the combination of self-image and self-esteem
Self-esteem-how individuals value and feel about knowledge they have of themselves
Examples of factors that may intact on self-image and self-esteem in emotional development
Life experiences
Family and culture
Physical development/health
Attitudes of others
What are the 3 stages of play
Solo play 0-2 years-infant plays alone with toys such as balls, may be aware and f other infants but will not attempt to play with them
Parallel 2-3years-children will play next to each other but are also involved in their own play.
Co-operative play 3 years and over : these children are sharing,talking and playing together
What is the maturation theory
Gesells theory helps to explain how biological maturation (process of maturing) is related to overall development
What is gesells maturation theory about
Based his theory in his belief that development is genetically determined from birth
Children follow the same orderly sequence in their development
He observed the behaviorist of many children from which he determined averages or norms which he called milestones of development.
What are the positives of gesells theory of maturation
He determined typical Norms of development that are still used today
He used advanced methodology in observations of behavior of large numbers of children
What are the negatives of gesells theory of maturation
Did not consider the influence of individual or cultural differences in children
He believed that the norms of development he described were desirable
What is the social learning theory about
Social learning theory suggests that the way children behave is an interaction between personal and environment factors
Banduras theory
What are the 4 principles of social learning in banduras theory
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement in the social learning theory
Banduras
Behavior may be repeated or resisted-this is reinforced and may be positive or negative
Positive reinforcement: the behavior is repeated because of personal satisfaction or rewards
Negative reinforcement:the behavior is not repeated to Avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or being told off
What is the bobo doll experiment
Children were shown adults being aggressive or non aggressive towards the bobi doll, the aggressive adults were either rewarded,reprimanded or had no consequences for their behavior.
What was Banduras experiment designed to show
-Children would copy the aggressive behavior of another person
-The outcome for the adults impacted on the the likelihood of children copying the behaviors
What were the results of Banduras experiment
Children learned aggressive behavior through observation
-children were more likely to imitate an adult who was rewarded for aggressive behavior than one who was reprimanded
What is nature n human development
Is due to inherited characteristics and image drives
Example would be Chomsky’s concept of a language acquisition device. According to the theory that all children are born with the instinctive mental capacity that allows them to both learn and produce language
What is nurture in human development
Due to environmental influences and leaning.
For example Banduras theory can people learn by observing the behavior of others
What are genetic factors
Are factors that can affect physical growth, develop,health and appearance
What is the dominant genes
A defective gene can be passed on from one parent or both.the likelihood of development a condition depends upon whether the defective gene is recessive or dominant
What is the recessive genes
It must be passed on from both parents for the child to develop the condition.
For example cystic fibrosis
What are biological factors
Are those that effect the development of a living organism
Biological factors and the e effects on developing child
The mother’s lifestyle during pregnancy can effect the health and development of the unborn child. Eg poor diet, drug and alcohol use and smoking
The effects of a poor lifestyle choices in pregnancy includes:
Low birth weight
Premature birth
Kant term health problems
Learning disabilities
Environmental factors
-pollution- this happens when harmful substances contaminate the atmosphere.
The conditions are respiratory disorders like asthma
-poor housing conditions-this can lead to short term or long term health problems.eg poor sanitation:risk of infection
Lack of outdoor space:cardiovascular problem
Social factors bullying
Can happen at any stage of life.
There are different forms of bullying
1verbal: using words to hurt
2.emotional:causing psychological hurt eg spreading rumors,excluding
3.physical:using force, eg hitting,pushing and slapping
4.cyber bullying using technology to hurt
What are the short effects of bullying
Stress and anxiety
Eating disorder
Low self esteem
What is the long term effect of bullying
Poor academic achievement
Substance misuse
Self harm
Increased risk of suicide
What are the best influence of culture and religion
Development is influenced by an individuals culture the community in which they live and their beliefs. Eg
Lifestyle
Morality
Dress
Diet
Personal values
What are economic factors
They are aspects of life related to money including educational achievement,our jobs,how we choose to live and the amount of money we make
What are the physical effects of economic factors
Positive
Manual/active jobs improve muscle tone and stamina
Negative
Manual jobs may cause muscular and skeletal problems
What are the intellectual effects of economic factors
Positive
Being in work,education or training promotes creative thinking and problem solving skills
Negative
Being out of work, retired or in a non-demanding job may cause deterioration of memory and problem-solving skills
What are the emotional effects of economic factors
Positive
Being in n high status job and having a good income and education may lead to high self image and positive self esteem
Negative
Being unemployed,having a low-status job and poor academic achievement can lead to poor lifestyle choices Eg drug use, negative self image and low self-esteem
What are the social effects of economic factors
Positive
Being at school, college,or in training or work provides opportunities to develop friendships
Negative
Low income or unemployment offers fewer opportunities for building relationships
What is life events
Everyone experiences major events during their life. These can be predictable or unpredictable which depends on the persons life course
Examples of life events
Moving house
Starting school
Marriage
Divorce
Injury/illness
What are predictable life events ?
Life events that :
Are likely to happen to most people such as starting school or work
They are often have a positive effects such as building self esteem, developing confidence, further learning.however the changes can still cause anxiety which may affect health and well-being
What are unpredictable life events
These are life events that :
Are not expected,such as an accident or serious illness
Happens with little or no warning so cannot be prepared for
Some life events will happen to many people but not everyone,for example marriage,having children
What is the effect of life events
The effects of life events
Life events can cause stress that results in health problems. The level of stress depends on the event, the situation of the individual and their ability to cope with the demands of life.
Example on how life events can impact on health and wellbeing
Anxiety
Heart conditions
High blood pressure
Digestive problems
headaches
Cardiovascular disease and ageing
The risk of cardiovascular diseases increases with age but lithe likelihood may be increased or reduced by other factors
Examples on health factors that can exacerbate heart disease
Obesity
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Genetic inheritance
Examples of lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
Smoking alcohol
Diet high in salt
Lack of exercise
What are the negatives of cardiovascular disease
Loss of independence
Anxiety about health
Depression
Anger
Reduced mobility
What are the positive effects of cardiovascular disease
Closer relationship with family members and friends
Choosing to improve lifestyle
Degeneration of the nervous tissue
Nerves are pathways that carry messages along the spinal cord between the brain and the different parts of the body
What happens when loss of neurons and degenerative diseases
It structures of the brain that control movement may cause degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, the average age for the onset of Parkinson’s is 60
What are the physical effects of Parkinson’s disease
Tremor : uncontrollable shaking beginning in the hand and arm
Mobility :slowness of movement and muscle stiffness
What are the cognitive effects of Parkinson’s disease
Depression
Anxiety
I’m impairment in think and problem solving
Degeneration of the sense organs
The senses help individuals to receive information from the environment.as we get older our senses become less sharp
What are the 4 senses that we decrease in when we get older
Taste
Touch
Hearing
Sight
What can degeneration of sense organs can cause
Depression
Anxiety
Isolation
Low self image
What is osteoarthritis and nutrition
They are two common physical effects in older age are osteoarthritis and a reduction in the absorption of nutrients
What is osteoarthritis
The physical effect are :
Swelling and pain in joints
Damage to the soft tissue around joints
What increases the risk of osteoarthritis
Being female
Injury to joints
Obesity
Being over 40 years of age
What happens when you are old and absorption of nutrients decreased
The body with age is less efficient at absorbing the nutrients it requires. This can result in malnutrition even if the persons diet remains the same as when they were younger
What is dementia
Dementia is a term that is used to describe symptoms associated with damage to the function of the brain such as memory loss
Facts about dementia
The risk of dementia increases with age
Lifestyles factors such as smoking an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise can increase the risk of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia
What is Alzheimer’s disease
It’s the most common cause of dementia.mainly effects people over the age of 65, it leads to a shortage of chemicals in the brain which effects the transmission of signals
What are the physical effects of illness common in ageing
Illness may
Make the body less Abbie to fight infection
Reduce stamina
Result in lost mobility
What are the intellectual effects of illness common in ageing
Illness may
Cause short-term memory loss
Affects decision-making skills
Cause difficulty in verbal communication
What are the social effects of illness common in ageing
Illness may
Reduce the opportunity and ability to socialize with friends
Affect ability to communicate in groups
What are the emotional effects of illness common in ageing
Illness may
Cause emotional distress e.g communication difficulties
Cause feeling of lack of control
Bring families closer together
Result in low self-esteem
Lifestyles which may improve I’ll health
Healthy diet
Exercise
Psychological effects of ageing
Social cha he in older age can bring about of loss,anxiety,reduced confidence and low self-esteem
Examples of social changes and their effects
-Loss of independence-reliance on others increase a feeling of helplessness
-Death of partner/friends-grief can cause a loss of sense of safety and security,increased isolation and loss of intimacy
Psychological effects of ageing,self esteem
Self-esteem
Health, employment and financial security are essential for high self-esteem. If these things are lost, an individual can feel:
• that they are no longer useful
• that they are no longer independent and can’t do things for themselves
• financially insecure and anxious about how they will pay for things.
All of these will reduce self-esteem.
Psychological effects of ageing,effects of of culture,religion and beliefs
Effects of culture, religion and beliefs
Culture, religion and beliefs can have a positive impact on ageing because:
• individuals feel part of a group or community, so less isolated
• beliefs help people to make sense of their ageing and come to terms with mortality
• some cultures and religions place more value on older people.
Theories of ageing
Ageing id a natural process that takes place over a long period of time, theories help to explain what is happening during the process
The theories are
Activity theory
Social disengagement theory theory
What is the activity theory
Individuals can achieve healthy ageing through continued
Robert havighurst 1960 is based on the belief that:
People need activity and social interactions
People continue to involve themselves in the community
What is the social disengagement theory
It’s based on the belief that :
-People naturally withdraw from social contact in older age
-Society withdraws from older people
-People focus on their previous life and activities
-family expects less from their Oder people
-older people become more dependent
How can older people be supported to get the most out of the later life
Planning new goals
The development of new relationships
Decision-making and choices about their own care
Provision for aged
The number of older people has increased.they have specific health and social care needs and rely on a range that f different services to meet their needs and help them to remain independent
Provision for older people is needed for ..
Age-related disease
Loss of independence
Age-related conditions
Loss of mobility
Increases risk of falls/injury
What types of provisions is available for aged people
Acute care : meeting immediate health needs,such as broken hips,heart attacks
Social care : own home, day care or residential,assessing needs,supporting independence,personal care,day to day care
Health care : support for long-term conditions,palliative care
End of life care:pain relief,psychological support
Integrated services for the aged
Integrated services
Older people may need different services to work together to assess and provide for their health and care needs.
Formal and informal services are integrated to provide a holistic care package:
• Formal health care: statutory, private, voluntary
• Informal health care: provided by family, community or religious groups.
What is the impacts of the percentage rise in older people on the economy
Health and welfare : older people already use more health and care services. A rise in numbers means a higher demand and increased costs
Pension costs: more people receive a state pension,leaving less money for the economic investment
Employment: more retired people means a shortage for f skilled workers
Housing:more retirement homes and shelters housing are required, people stay in their own homes longer so fewer larger homes are available for families
How had the government responded to ageing and economic effects
Raising the retirement age
Making it easier for older people to stay in work or part time
Encouraging people in work to take out private pensions
Increasing taxes to pay for state pensions and welfare
What pressure is put in services due to ageing and economic effects
Advances in medicine that helps people to live longer
Families being unable or less willing to care for older family members at home
An increase in the numbers of older people with chronic conditions
