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AHIC > Unit 1 Module 1: Fundamentals > Flashcards

Unit 1 Module 1: Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

_____ science approaches lead to the adoption of evidence-based practices and interventions in routine clinical and public health settings.

A

Implementation

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2
Q

When compared to carefully controlled randomized controlled trials, real-world studies have ____ internal validity, can have data quality challenges, and may suffer from bias when comparing outcomes.

_____ = Lower/Comparable/higher

A

Lower

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3
Q

True/False: It is important to select a theory or framework to guide any implementation research.

A

True

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4
Q

Adoption, costs, fidelity, acceptability, appropriateness or fit, feasibility, sustainability, or penetration are generally accepted _______ in implementation science

A

Measures

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5
Q

ENIAC and Colossus are all early examples of _____. Informatics was born from their development and use.

A

Computers

Explanation: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, developed to compute artilleries range distances), Colossus (WWII computer that decodes Germany’s cipher machine), preceded IBM mass storage computers

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6
Q

Origin of Health Informatics: ______, a part of the National Institutes of Health, was a proponent of a standardized way of describing and understanding data from computer-integration.

A

National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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7
Q

National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) suggested this definition of ________ “the field concerned with the cognitive, information processing, and information management tasks of medical and health care and biomedical research, with the application of information science and technology to these tasks.”
Blois and Shortliffe define ______ as a “rapidly developing scientific field that deals with the storage, retrieval, and optimal use of biomedical data, information, and knowledge for problem solving and decision making.”

A

medical informatics/informatics

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8
Q

A 2012 AMIA white paper defined ______ as “the interdisciplinary field that studies and pursues the effective uses of biomedical data, information, and knowledge for scientific inquiry, problem solving, and decision making, motivated by efforts to improve human health.”

A

biomedical informatics

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9
Q

True/False: Informatics can be defined as inclusive of a single profession

A

False: it is an interdisciplinary field

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10
Q

True/False: Informatics can be defined as scientists working with computers or using large data sets, and is limited to information science, cognitive science, and organization science.

A

False: basic information science (e.g., computer/cognitive/organizational/informational science) is combined with applications (in health/clinical/biology/public health) to make up the domain informatics.

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11
Q

Medical informatics can be broken down into 5 informatics subspecialties: dental, nursing, health, ______ and ______.

A

Public health, clinical

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12
Q

This organization was founded in 1988 by the merger of 3 existing US-based orgs and its goals are to advance the science of informatics, promote informatics education, and provide networking/professional development for physician, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and other health professionals.

A

American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA)

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13
Q

This society “positively transforms health and healthcare” through information technology best practices; is international; has 68K North American members.

A

Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)

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14
Q

This organization developed the ICD-10 medical coding guidelines. It was founded in 1928; has 103K members internationally; and is 1 of 4 cooperative orgs for developing governing principles for global health orgs.

A

American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)

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15
Q

This nursing and information science/computer science/data management org merged with CARING in 2010.

A

American Nursing Informatics Association (ANIA)

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16
Q

International “association of associations” that is comprised of health informatics societies internationally (hosts MedInfo conference).

A

International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA)

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17
Q

These are all examples of: Implementation Science, GigaScience, Medical Image Analysis, The Lancet Digital Health, BMC Medical Research Methodology, _____of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA

A

Journals

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18
Q

____ health informatics (EBHI) is “the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence when making decisions about the introduction and operation of IT in a given healthcare setting”

A

Evidence-based

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19
Q

Theoretical and conceptual ______ are used to understand a research problem and guide the development, collection, and analysis research.

A

Frameworks

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20
Q

Theory or Model: A _____ is a set of analytical principles designed to structure observations, understanding, and explanation of a phenomenon. It is explanatory and predictive as well as descriptive.

A

Theory

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21
Q

Theory or Model: A ____ is a simplification of a phenomenon and is typically descriptive.

A

Model

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22
Q

Theoretical or Conceptual: A _____ framework is a single formal theory or a system of ideas that explains something. Work surrounded by a _____ framework suggests the theory is the primary method of understanding the problem and how it should be investigated.

A

Theoretical

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23
Q

Classical or Implementation: ______ theories are predictive theories stemming from external disciplines to help understand and explanation a phenomenon.

A

Classical

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24
Q

Classical or Implementation: ______ theories stem from ________ science helping to assist understanding or provide explanation. Informatics theories are often placed in this category

A

Implementation

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25
Q

____ Theory (associated with Communication Theory) is used in a range of disciplines like statistical inference, natural language processing, and molecular biology. The central premis is that the transmitter conveys a message over a channel to the receiver.

A

Information

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26
Q

Order these frameworks by when they were created:

1) Socio-technical Model
2) Social & Behavioral Models
3) Quality Measurement

A

3) Quality Measurement - 1960s
2) Social & Behavioral Models - 1980s
1) Socio-technical Model - 2000s

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27
Q

Order Donabedian’s Quality Framework (underlies the value-based care quality reporting methods in use today):

1) Health Outcomes
2) Processes of Care (care delivery/coordination)
3) Structures of Care (setting)

A

3) Structures of Care (setting)
2) Processes of Care (care delivery/coordination)
1) Health Outcomes

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28
Q

TAM or UTAUT: ___ suggests that acceptance of technology is predicted by the user’s attitude towards technology

A

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

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29
Q

TAM or UTAUT: ______ predicts the likelihood of successful implementation of new technologies by assessing whether the user expects the system to be useful and easy to use, and perceives that others want them to use the system.

A

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

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30
Q

UTAUT or Distributed Cognition: ______ focuses on the ability of social groups to share systems and environments in ways that support communication and cooperation across different space over various periods of time.

A

Distributed cognition

31
Q

TAM or UTAUT: Key drivers of acceptance include
• Performance expectancy – the system will be useful
• Effort expectancy - the system will be easy to use
• Social influence – the level that the user perceives others want them to use the system

A

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

32
Q

TAM or Distributed Cognition: This theory suggests that cognitive tasks may be shared outside the boundaries of an individual human brain. Study of cognition to include complex information propagation/transformation across computational systems. Framework includes an individual interacting with objects, environment, and others.

A

Distributed Cognition

33
Q

Distributed Cognition or Socio-technical model: has 8 domains which are people; workflow and communication; internal organizational policies, procedures and culture; and external rules, regulations, and pressures; hardware and software computing Infrastructure; Clinical Content; Human Computer Interface; and System Measurement and Monitoring.

A

Socio-technical model

34
Q

SDLC stands for: ______
Definition: describes a process for planning, creating, implementing, integrating, testing, and deploying an information system that handles a major task (referred to as an application)

A

System Development Life Cycle

35
Q

Order these application steps:

1) Design
2) Implementation
3) Maintenance
4) Planning

A

4) Planning, 1) Design, 2) Implementation 3) Maintenance

  • The design phase: The systems analyst documents the inputs, processing, and outputs of each program within the application.
  • The implementation phase: Programmers are assigned to write specific programs. The new application is installed for use once the system of programs is tested.
  • The maintenance phase: Programs that need modification are identified and programmers change or repair those programs.
36
Q

Design or Implementation:
• Understanding the program (Inputs, Processing, Outputs- IPO). Includes screen layouts, narratives, and documentations that describe the purpose of the program.
• Using design tools to create a model (Hierarchy or structure charts, and pseudocode)
• Developing test data (programmer providing some input values and predicting the outputs)

A

Design

37
Q

Program quality or Pseudocode: describes fundamental properties of the program’s source code and executable code,
including reliability, robustness, usability, portability, maintainability, efficiency, and readability.

A

Program quality

38
Q

Flowchart or Pseudocode using IPO (task: find average age of 2 people):

Input-
• Step 1: display a message asking the user to enter the first age
• Step 2: get the first age from the keyboard
• Step 3: display a message asking the user to enter the second age
• Step 4: get the second age from the keyboard
Processing-
• Calculate the answer by adding the two ages together and dividing by two
Output-
• Display the answer on the screen so the user can see the answer

A

Pseudocode

39
Q

Flowchart or Pseudocode: _____ are diagrams that represent algorithms or processes, including various types of boxes for the steps and arrows to define the order.

A

Flowchart

40
Q

Match shapes to flowchart meaning:
Shape: Diamond, Parallelogram, Rectangle, Rounded Rectangle
Meaning: Decision, Input/Output, Process, Terminal

A 
Terminal = Rounded Rectangle
Process = Rectangle
Parallelogram = Input/Output
Diamond = Decision
41
Q

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Software Testing: _____ involves the execution of a software component or system component to evaluate one or more properties of interest.

A

Software Testing

42
Q

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Software Testing: After test data is defined, model checking or code checking can be applied.

A

Software Testing

43
Q

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Software Testing: _____ is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities for computer programmers to develop new software.

A

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

44
Q

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or Software Testing: Contains
• High-level language programs are usually coded as ASCII text into a source code file with unique file extension (examples: .asm .c .cpp .java .js .py)
• In some cases, the source code is converted to an executable machine code file (examples: .exe .app)

A

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

45
Q

A “____, _____!” program is a computer program that outputs or displays this statement to a user. Being a simple program in most programming languages, it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language for a working program and is often the very first program people write.

A

Hello, world!

46
Q

Java or Python: _____ is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming. Currently, _____ is one of the most popular programming languages. It is frequently recommended as a first programming language and is often used in information systems and data science courses.

A

Python

47
Q

Python or SQL: # is used to begin a comment

A

Python

48
Q

Python or SQL: “print()” calls the print function

A

Python

49
Q

Python or SQL: Uses double-quotes in “Hello, world!” to display a literal string

A

Python

50
Q

____ is a Python IDE that is part of the Anaconda platform, widely used in data science applications

A

Spyder

51
Q

True/False: Computational thinking (CT) is the step that comes after programming. It is the process of breaking down a problem into simple enough steps that even a computer would understand.

A

False: CT comes before programming

52
Q

1) Information and communication technology (ICT)
2) computing science
3) computational thinking
form a computing triangle where:
_______ gives a way to understand problems
_____ offers problems to computation thinking in search of solutions
_______ provides concepts for computational thinking in search of praxis (applying theory to practice) and responds to social needs with software tools

A

3) computational thinking:
gives a way to understand problems
1) Information and communication technology (ICT)
offers problems to computation thinking in search of solutions
2) computing science:
provides concepts for computational thinking in search of praxis (applying theory to practice) and responds to social needs with software tools

53
Q

Computational thinking or computing science: ____ has 4 parts:

1) Decomposition (basic building blocks of problem)
2) Pattern identification (patterns among problems/information)
3) Pattern generalization and abstraction (general case of problem, general organization of information)
4) Algorithm design (sequence of steps from initial information to problem, how subproblems connect, how information changes between steps)

A

Computational thinking

54
Q

Problem solving or programming approaches:

1) Understand the problem
2) Link unknowns to data to make a plan
3) Carry out the plan
4) Retrospectively review the solution

A

Problem Solving

55
Q

Problem solving or programming approaches:
Programming language–oriented: use a programming language as some language of thought
• Structured programming: use basic constructs of sequence, choice, and repetition, which combines the decomposition and algorithm computational thinking (CT) stages
• Object-oriented programming: use components (classes) to encapsulate both data structures and algorithms (methods) to manipulate the data.
• Parallel programming approaches: use components and tasks to distribute them to available memory and processors

A

Programming approaches

56
Q

Qualitative or Quantitative:

_____ data represent characteristics that can be observed. This type of data comprises both Nominal and Ordinal data.

A

Qualitative

57
Q

Nominal or Ordinal data:

Discrete values used to label variables like hair color, gender, or race

A

Nominal

58
Q

Nominal or Ordinal:

Data are both discrete and ordered like a Likert scale or a pain rating scale.

A

Ordinal

59
Q

Qualitative or Quantitative:
Data you can measure. These data types can be either continuous, where they take any value, or discrete where they take a specific value, like the number of patients in a hospital.

A

Quantitative

60
Q

Continuous or Discrete:

Data that can be expressed as either interval or ratio.

A

Continuous

61
Q

Interval or ratio:
• Ordered units with the same difference (distance from 1 to 2 = distance from 2 = 3)
• Does not have a true zero point as with temperature (0F or 0C is not ‘absence of temperature’, 20 degrees is not 2x warmer than 10 because there is no true 0 point).
• Can be divided into parts (98.6 degrees)

A

Interval

62
Q

Interval or ratio:
• True 0 (weight = 0 means ‘no weight’, 20# is twice as heavy as 10#, Temperature in Kelvins has an absolute 0)
• Can be divided into smaller units (weight of 44 kg, or 44.4 kg)

A

Ratio

63
Q

Continuous or Discrete:
Data like the # of patients or # of appointments which cannot be divided into smaller units (e.g., while the average # of patient appointments can be 50.5/day, the base count of patients and appointments is an integer).

A

Discrete

64
Q

Graph or Relational:
• Most health care databases are organized this way, where data are stored in tabular formats.
• Tables with rows and columns
• SQL, or structured query language, allows data flexibility in table creation and reduces data redundancy

A

Relational

65
Q

True/False: Users at a remote location can access a centralized database

A

True

66
Q

True/False: Distributed databases combine information from a common database and information captured by local computers. Data is not in one place but is distributed at various sites of the organization.

A

True

67
Q

True/False: Commercial Databases are not subject specific since one institution cannot afford to maintain such a huge information repository. Access is provided through commerial links.

A

False

Commercial Databases ARE subject specific

68
Q

True/False: NoSQL Databases are very efficient in analyzing large-sized unstructured data that may be stored at multiple virtual servers in the cloud.

A

True

69
Q

Amazon Web Services (AWS), Oracle Database, Microsoft Azure, Google’s Cloud Platform, IBM DB2, MongoDB Atlas, and Open Stack have large data requirements and are an example of _____ databases.

A

Cloud

70
Q

Object-Oriented or Graph Database:

An X-ray image would be a definable data object as opposed to an alphanumeric value.

A

Object-Oriented

organized by object and data, not actions and logic

71
Q

Cloud or Graph Database:
Type of NoSQL database that uses graph theory to store, map, and query relationships. Used for analyzing interconnections and the construction of genomic prediction models.

A

Graph

72
Q

True/False: Users have reasonable expectation of privacy as to geolocation data per Supreme Court decision.

A

False

Utilizing geocoded data can be very helpful for public health analyses.

73
Q

Time-structured or hierarchy:

Data method that would be helpful for mapping person-department relationships (tree-shaped)

A

Hierarchy

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