Unit 1: Microscopes, Specialized Cells, Bacterial Cells and Enzymes and Nutrition Flashcards
How many meters is one kilometer?
km - kilometers, equal to 1000 meters
How many centimeters is one meter
m - meters, equal to 100 centimeters
How many millimeters is one centimeter?
cm - centimeters, equal to 10 millimeters
How many micrometers is one millimeter?
μm - micrometers, equal to 1000 nanometers
How many picometers is one nanometer?
nm - nanometers, equal to 1000 picometers
What is the smallest unit of measurement in this topic?
pm - picometers
How many nanometers is one micrometer?
μm - micrometers, equal to 1000 nanometers
What is resolution?
Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two points as separate. Essentially the level of detail that can be seen using a microscope
What is magnification?
The process of enlarging the physical appearance/image of something
What is the formula linking to Image size and magnification>
Image Size = Actual Size x Magnification
If the length of a mosquito stinger on an image is 52mm, and the magnification used is x4, what is the actual size of the mosquito stinger?
13000μm, or anything equivalent
Where do chemical reactions in a cell occur?
Cytoplasm
What do mitochondria do?
Aerobic Respiration
What do ribosomes do?
Protein synthesis
What holds the cell’s genetic information?
Nucleus
What does a cell membrane do?
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
What is the purpose of a cell wall, and what is it made of?
Strengthens the cell
Made of cellulose
What is the purpose of a vacuole?
- Filled with a fluid called cell sap
- Helps the cell keep it’s shape
TRUE OR FALSE:
DNA is found in the nucleus
Photosynthesis occurs in the mitochondria
Animal and plant cells have ribosomes
Only animal cells have a cell wall
Ribosomes are easily viewed with a microscope
Plants make their food in the chloroplasts
Scale bars help us estimate cell size from drawings
Animal and plant cells are identical
Only animals carry out respiration
True False True False False True True False False
What are gametes?
Sex cells
Do sperm and egg cells contain a diploid or haploid nucleus?
What is the difference between a diploid and haploid nucleus?
Haploid Nucleus
The haploid nucleus has one set of chromosomes, and the diploid nucleus has two sets of chromosomes
Would a ciliated epithelial cell have a haploid or diploid nucleus?
- Diploid
Adaptations of the sperm cell:
Haploid nucleus - Contains one set of chromosomes because this is a gamete
Many mitochondria - Releases energy quickly for the movement of the cell
Long tail - Moves from side to side so the cell swims forward
Acrosome containing enzymes - Helps the cell burrow through the jelly like layer surrounding the egg cell
Adaptations of the egg cell:
Haploid nucleus - Contains one set of chromosomes because this is a gamete
Jelly like layer hardens after the sperm cell nucleus and egg cell nucleus fuse - Helps prevent a second sperm from fertilising the egg cell
Cell membrane hardens after fertilisation - Helps prevent a second sperm from fertilising the egg cell
Large store of nutrients in the cytoplasm - Provides a source of energy for cell division and growth after fertilisation
Jelly layer surrounding the cell membrane - Protects the egg cell as it moves through the oviduct
Adaptations of the ciliated epithelial cell:
Diploid nucleus - Contains two sets of chromosomes because this is a body cell
Fine hair like extensions to the cell membrane - Sweep from side to side to move things across the cell surface
Lines oviducts - Moves the egg cell from the ovary towards the uterus
Adaptations of an Epithelial Cell with Microvilli:
Diploid nucleus - Contains two sets of chromosomes because this is a body cell
Finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane - Increases surface area of the cell so substances are absorbed more quickly
Lines small intestine - Where digested food substances are absorbed into the body
SI units in order
KM M CM MM µM NM PM
What do enzymes do?
Speed up chemical reactions within the body
What does protease break down?
A long chain of amino acids forming a protein molecule into individual amino acids.
Essentially, it breaks down proteins.
What enzyme breaks down lactose?
Lactase
What does amylase do?
Breaks down starch into individual glucose molecules/sugars
Why are enzymes called catalysts?
They can be used over and over in a reaction, and they speed up reactions
Where is amylase found?
Saliva and small intestine
What does lipase do?
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Where would you find lipase?
Pancreas, mouth and stomach
What is an active site?
A specifically shaped area where items called substrates can bind. The active site is specifically shaped so that a substrate can bind
What happens after a substrate binds with an enzyme?
Something called induced fit will occur, wherein the active site can change it’s shape even more and it can either build up or break down substrates that bind to it
What happens if the ideal temperature and pH that an enzyme is suited to changes?
The enzyme becomes denatured, so it’s shape changes, and it can no longer bind o substrates and/or do it’s job correctly
