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Bio 11 > Unit 1 - Microscopes, Cells, Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Microscopes, Cells, Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Objective lens

A

magnifying lens to look at the specimen

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2
Q

nose piece

A

rotates 3 different strengths of lenses

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3
Q

high power

A

lens closest to the specimen

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4
Q

condenser

A

adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen

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5
Q

coarse focus

A

brings the specimen into general focus by moving the stage up and down

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6
Q

fine focus

A

brings the specimen into fine detail by focusing the image

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7
Q

what are the different magnification powers

A

40x, 100x, 400x

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8
Q

what is field of view? (FOV)

A

area viewed when looking in a microscope

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9
Q

How do you calculate the FOV

A

record lens being used
place clear ruler on the stage so it covers half of it
observe the ruler under low power - FOV is the entire area you see under the microscope

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10
Q

unit conversion from millimeters (mm) to micrometers (um)

A

1mm = 1000 um

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11
Q

what is magnification power

A

magnification of objective lens x ocular lens

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12
Q

What are the levels or organization used for

A

categorizing components of organisms from the smallest part of the earth

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13
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

eg: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, biome

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14
Q

atoms + molecules

A

smallest unit of a chemical element, smallest unit of a compound

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15
Q

cell / tissue

A

smallest unit that is alive / a group of cells with simillar structure and function

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16
Q

organ / organism

A

structure with multiple tissues that work together to do a particular task / an individual living thing

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17
Q

population / community

A

organisms of the same kind that live in the same area / all the populations in a particular area

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18
Q

ecosystem / biosphere

A

all living and non living things in the same environment / all living things on earth

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

contains and protects DNA

20
Q

DNA/Chromosomes

A

information for making proteins

21
Q

ribosomes

A

makes proteins

22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

transports and finishes proteins and other biological molecules

23
Q

lysosomes

A

destroys bad bacteria (invading viruses)

24
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cells

25
Q

golgi apparatus

A

sends out/processes vesicles (out of cell)
modifies proteins and lipids

26
Q

cytoplasm

A

space for work to be done (jelly-like)

27
Q

vesicles

A

cellular package containing products like proteins (transports materials)

28
Q

vacuole

A

storage (handles waste products and materials)
also water!!
*Animals have a large central vacuole

29
Q

pores/gated channels

A

points of entry and exit for materials

30
Q

cell membrane

A

maintains homeostasis (only lets certain things in the cell)

31
Q

chloroplasts - only in plants!!

A

creates glucose (sugar)

32
Q

cell wall - only in plants!!

A

keeps a rigid structure

33
Q

what is the sequence of how a protein is produced and shipped from a cell

A

DNA (transcription, mRNA)– Ribosomes (proteins)– ER – Golgi Apparatus (vesicles) – Cell membrane

34
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

35
Q

Shape of DNA + 4 bases

A

Double helix, ATGC (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
held together by hydrogen bonds

36
Q

what are chromosomes

A

tightly coiled strands of DNA

37
Q

what is the human genome

A

the entire DNA sequence contained by your entire set of chromosomes (humans have 23 pairs)

38
Q

what are genes

A

segments of DNA strands containing a specific sequence of nucleotides

39
Q

where are genes located on a chromosome

A

locus (plural: loci)
the DNA sequence here contains instruction for a specific function or trait

40
Q

what are different versions of genes called

A

an allele

41
Q

gene vs trait

A

gene codes for something
trait is actually what it is
(gene for eye colour, trait is brown eyes)

42
Q

how many alleles of every gene does a human have

A

2 - because there is one from each biological parent (they can be the same or different)

43
Q

genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype: genetic make up of an induvial
phenotype: physical traits and characteristics of an individual (influenced by genotype & environment)

44
Q

what is a sex-linked trait

A

carried in the sex chromosomes (x and y)

45
Q

what is an example of a sex linked trait

A

hemophilia - females can be normal, carriers, or have the gene. Males will have the disease or not (because they only have 1 x chromosome)

46
Q

what is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell?

A

prokaryotic - cells without a nucleus
eukaryotic - have a nucleus (all plants, animals, etc)

47
Q
A

Bio 11 (3 decks)

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