Unit 1 - Microscopes, Cells, Genetics Flashcards
Objective lens
magnifying lens to look at the specimen
nose piece
rotates 3 different strengths of lenses
high power
lens closest to the specimen
condenser
adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen
coarse focus
brings the specimen into general focus by moving the stage up and down
fine focus
brings the specimen into fine detail by focusing the image
what are the different magnification powers
40x, 100x, 400x
what is field of view? (FOV)
area viewed when looking in a microscope
How do you calculate the FOV
record lens being used
place clear ruler on the stage so it covers half of it
observe the ruler under low power - FOV is the entire area you see under the microscope
unit conversion from millimeters (mm) to micrometers (um)
1mm = 1000 um
what is magnification power
magnification of objective lens x ocular lens
What are the levels or organization used for
categorizing components of organisms from the smallest part of the earth
what are the levels of organization
eg: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, biome
atoms + molecules
smallest unit of a chemical element, smallest unit of a compound
cell / tissue
smallest unit that is alive / a group of cells with simillar structure and function
organ / organism
structure with multiple tissues that work together to do a particular task / an individual living thing
population / community
organisms of the same kind that live in the same area / all the populations in a particular area
ecosystem / biosphere
all living and non living things in the same environment / all living things on earth
Nucleus
contains and protects DNA
DNA/Chromosomes
information for making proteins
ribosomes
makes proteins
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
transports and finishes proteins and other biological molecules
lysosomes
destroys bad bacteria (invading viruses)
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cells
golgi apparatus
sends out/processes vesicles (out of cell)
modifies proteins and lipids
cytoplasm
space for work to be done (jelly-like)
vesicles
cellular package containing products like proteins (transports materials)
vacuole
storage (handles waste products and materials)
also water!!
*Animals have a large central vacuole
pores/gated channels
points of entry and exit for materials
cell membrane
maintains homeostasis (only lets certain things in the cell)
chloroplasts - only in plants!!
creates glucose (sugar)
cell wall - only in plants!!
keeps a rigid structure
what is the sequence of how a protein is produced and shipped from a cell
DNA (transcription, mRNA)– Ribosomes (proteins)– ER – Golgi Apparatus (vesicles) – Cell membrane
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Shape of DNA + 4 bases
Double helix, ATGC (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
held together by hydrogen bonds
what are chromosomes
tightly coiled strands of DNA
what is the human genome
the entire DNA sequence contained by your entire set of chromosomes (humans have 23 pairs)
what are genes
segments of DNA strands containing a specific sequence of nucleotides
where are genes located on a chromosome
locus (plural: loci)
the DNA sequence here contains instruction for a specific function or trait
what are different versions of genes called
an allele
gene vs trait
gene codes for something
trait is actually what it is
(gene for eye colour, trait is brown eyes)
how many alleles of every gene does a human have
2 - because there is one from each biological parent (they can be the same or different)
genotype vs phenotype
genotype: genetic make up of an induvial
phenotype: physical traits and characteristics of an individual (influenced by genotype & environment)
what is a sex-linked trait
carried in the sex chromosomes (x and y)
what is an example of a sex linked trait
hemophilia - females can be normal, carriers, or have the gene. Males will have the disease or not (because they only have 1 x chromosome)
what is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell?
prokaryotic - cells without a nucleus
eukaryotic - have a nucleus (all plants, animals, etc)
