Unit 1: Matter and the Atom

Question 1

Solid

Answer 1

The particles are very close together (relative distance). They don’t have a lot of energy because the particles can’t move or slide past each other. Their shape and volume is indefinite. Can’t be compressed

Question 2

Liquid

Answer 2

Particles are close together (relative distance) but they can move and slide past each other. Their shape and volume are indefinite. Can’t be compressed.

Question 3

Gas

Answer 3

The relative distance is very separate. The particles slide past each other easily. Their shape and volume are indefinite but they are very compressible.

Question 4

Elements

Answer 4

Are substances that are made from one type of atom. Cannot be broken down into any other substance

Question 5

Compounds

Answer 5

Are substances made from atoms of different elements joined by chemical bonds in a fixed position. They can only be separated by a chemical reaction

Question 6

Mixtures

Answer 6

Combinations of two or more substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties

Question 7

Different ways that mixtures can be formed

Answer 7

1. An element is mixed with one or more other elements
2. A compound is mixed with one or more compounds
3. One or more elements are mixed with one or more compounds

Question 8

Homogenous Mixtures

Answer 8

is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mixture that has the same proportions of its components throughout any given sample.

Ex. Salt mixed in water

Question 9

Heterogenous Mixtures

Answer 9

Has components whose proportions vary throughout the sample.

Ex. a salad is a mixture where all parts retain their individual characteristics.

Question 10

Paper Chromatography

Answer 10

Popularly used in food industries. It is a method of separating the components of a mixture. During the procedure, the mixture will be separated into its individual components, allowing the individual parts to be identified.

In order to do this experiments you would need to use filler part and solvent.

As the paper is soaked in the solvent it attracts the chemicals in the ink blob. All the chemicals have different rates of attraction to the solvent.

The chemicals that have the least attraction to the paper would move upwards while the ones with the most attraction to the paper wouldn’t move as much or wouldn’t move at all

Question 11

Filler Paper

Answer 11

This is a special type of paper where you would it the only on before it is placed into the solvent

Question 12

Solvent

Answer 12

This is the liquid that the filler paper would be placed in. The type of of solvent that is used largely depends on the type of chemicals that are in the ink.

Question 13

Allotropes

Answer 13

Allotropes are different forms of the same ellentn. The elements would be structured or bonded together in different ways. As a result this might affect its strength and form.

Ex.Graphics, charcoal, and diamonds are all made out of carbon but they are different because of the way that they bond

Question 14

Examples of allotropes

Answer 14

Carbon is an element. The different forms of the element would be an allotropes

For example

1. When carbon is bonded two dimensionally its graphite
2. When it’s chemically bonded three dimensionally it becomes a diamond

Question 15

Example of allotropes

Answer 15

Examples of allotropes would be carbon. It can bond in a three dimensional structure to create carbon, in a two dimensional structure to create a diamond. But when the atoms in an element are bonded two dimensionally they become graphite which is completely different. They are made up of the same chemical properties but they have different crystal structures.

Question 16

stationary phase

Answer 16

doesn’t move.

ex. paper

Question 17

Mobile phase

Answer 17

the solvent

ex. the ink as it moves through water

Question 18

Start line

Answer 18

Where all the inks start off at in paper chromatography

Question 19

solvent front

Answer 19

highest line/point that the mobile front (solvent) has travelled in paper chromatography

Question 20

Filtration

Answer 20

Filtration is the process of separating liquids from a solid

In real life this is usually done with rivers in treatment plants, where the water is filtered to remove the solid parts.

It takes advantage of the fact that one mixture is insoluble while the other might not be. Basically meaning their particle size

Example: Would be coffee

Question 21

beaker, filter funnel and filter paper

Answer 21

materials used for filtration

Question 22

filtrate

Answer 22

the name of liquid in filtration

Question 23

residue

Answer 23

the name of the solid in filtration

Question 24

solvent

Answer 24

In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.

Question 25

Evaporation

Answer 25

When water or other liquids change from that to a state of vapour or gas. This is used to separate a solid from the liquid. The liquid evaporates so that you’re left with the solid. The mixture (solution) would need to have its soluble solid and solvent separated. A good example of this is if you have a solution of water and salt and you heat it at a boiling point the water (solvent) would evaporate, leaving you with the salt (solid).

Question 26

solution

Answer 26

Works for when you want to separate a liquid from a solution. In this way it’s like evaporation. But instead of the liquid evaporating into the air as a gas you want it to be in liquid form. To do this you would boil the solution in the beaker. As the liquid starts to evaporate in a gas it leaves the beaker and enters the cooling chamber or condenser where it is condensed back to water.

Question 27

Simple distillation

Answer 27

Works for when you want to separate a liquid from a solution. In this way it’s like evaporation. But instead of the liquid evaporating into the air as a gas you want it to be in liquid form. To do this you would boil the solution in the beaker. As the liquid starts to evaporate in a gas it leaves the beaker and enters the cooling chamber or condenser where it is condensed back to water.

Question 28

miscible liquids

Answer 28

two liquids that mix well

Question 29

Fractional distillation

Answer 29

You would use it to separate the solution of two liquids that mix together well (miscible liquids). This method uses the advantage that these two liquids have different boiling points. An example would be separating ethanol from water.

a. Since ethanol has the lower boiling point the liquid would be heated to reach the boiling point of the ethanol. This is similar to simple distillation.
b. Afterwards there is a fractionation unit in between the boiler and the condenser. It is made up of layers of gas beads and helps the gas to condense and evaporate several times until it is condensed into the beaker. c. Finally the water is separated from the ethanol. This normally takes longer than simple distillation.

Question 30

Magnetism

Answer 30

Used when you need to attract magnetic materials in a mixture. It would work when the mixture has two parts, one that is magnetic while the other is not. Would use a magnet to pick them up. Basically used to determine magnetic materials in mixture. Used for recycling.

The example used here was a mixture of sand and iron filings. As you run the magnet over the mixture the iron will attract to it and you’ll only have the sand.

Question 31

Immiscible liquids

Answer 31

Two different liquids that don’t mix well with each other

Question 32

Separating funnel

Answer 32

When you want to separate two different liquids that don’t mix very well with each other. These are called (immiscible liquids). The example given here was with oil and water. You would put them in a funnel with a tap. The higher density liquid (water) would fall out first because it’s heavier. As soon as the lighter density liquid (oil) gets to the spout you would turn off the tap.

Question 33

The Cathode Ray Experiment

Answer 33

The experiment involved a cathode ray. Its a vacuum chamber with no gases inside. It had an electrode on either side, one was called the cathode, while the other was called the anode. When the power was turned on a there is beam. It’s called a cathode ray because it starts at the cathode and goes to an anode. JJ T was working with it .Confusing because electricity moving from one side to the other but there was nothing to conduct it. Got a magnet and when he put the negative side against the tube the beam was repelled. When he put the positive side next to it attracted. Learned that it was 2,000 times lighter than a hydrogen atom which was the lightest atom. Discovered an electron, a subatomic atom.

Question 34

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

Answer 34

Scientist
Explanation of Experiment
Rutherford wanted to test the Plum Pudding Model to see if it was an accurate depiction. First of all he needed to get a source of alpha rays so he used radium because it naturally decays so it can emit it. Alpha particle and helium nucleus are the same only that alpha particle has +2 charge. Enclosed radium in particle with tiny opening and beam of alpha particles would come out. Beamed alpha particles on a gold foil. There was a detector surrounding the gold foil. Coated with fluorescent substance so when alpha particle hit it would flash. Did the alpha particles go through the gold foil before they bounced back.
Rutherford was able to determine three things about atoms based on his observations during the experiment
Many alpha particles passed right through the gold foil- This shows that the atom is mostly made up of empty space
Some alpha particles bounced back(pushed back) from the gold foil at large angles. This shows that the nucleus has a very dense center of positive charge which is why is was strong enough to pull the positive charge backwards.
Some alpha particles deflected- The alpha particles all has a =2 positive charge. The fact that they were positive means that they are attracted to negative charge. So that means that there is negative charge or electrons in the empty space around the nucleus.

Question 35

Democritus (400 BC)

Answer 35

Believed that matter could be broken up into smaller and smaller pieces until the smallest piece was obtained

He called it atoms meaning “not to be cut” because he theorized that atoms couldn’t be smaller.

Believed that atoms were small hard particles made of the same material but could be combined to make different things

Question 36

Aristotle 300 BC to early 1800s

Answer 36

Believed that matter was made of only fire, water, wind, and earth. He also said that there are only four qualities of matter wet, dry, hot, cold

Question 37

Dalton (1803)

Answer 37

He was able to prove that atoms are made up of even smaller particles. He found a negatively charged particle (the electron) by using a positively charged object. He developed a theory that electrons are scattered around with protons in an atom and they are at an equal density. This was often referred to as the plum pudding model which was that electrons in an atom are similar to raisins in plum pudding or chocolate chips in a cookie.

Question 38

Rutherford 1908

Answer 38

He disproved the “Plum pudding “ theory through an experiment where he fired positively charged particles at gold foil. He realized that protons are scattered all over the atom. Protons were concentrated in a dense area in the middle of the atom called the nucleus while elections zapped at a distance around the atom. The nucleus is smaller than the rest of the atom because that’s open space.
Also discovered neutrons using the Cathode Ray experiment

Question 39

Bohr 1913 Planetary model

Answer 39

He built on the theory that protons are inside a nucleus and improved it by theorizing that electrons travelled in an elliptical orbit around the atom much like a solar system. The orbits or energy levels were located at certain distances away from the atom.

Question 40

Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Einstein

Answer 40

They said that electrons don’t move around the nucleus in a neat elliptical orbit. Instead they move very quickly billions of times in one second, so fast that they create a cloud. The electrons don’t move in random order, it’s based on their energy levels

Discovered that electrons are particles and waves at the same time

The model has a nucleus with a cloud of electrons moving around it

Analogy: Like cotton balls.

Question 41

Atomic Number or Nuclear Charge:

Answer 41

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 42

Mass Number or Nucleon Number:

Answer 42

the total number of protons and neutrons found in a nucleus of an atom.

Question 43

The symbol X:

The atomic number A:

The mass number Z:

Answer 43

:the usual element symbol

:equal to the number of protons (placed as a left subscript)

:equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the isotope (placed as a left superscript)

Question 44

isotopes

Answer 44

Types of elements that have a different atomic mass than the most abundant form of the element (the one on the periodic table). These isotopes differentiate themselves among each other because they each have a different amount of neutrons and this is what affects their mass.

Question 45

the atomic number

Answer 45

the number that an element is listed on the periodic table

Question 46

To find the number of neutrons in an atom

Answer 46

Subtract the atomic number from the mass number using the MAN strategy. This would be (mass)-(atomic number)= (neutrons)

Question 47

To find the number of protons and electrons in an atom

Answer 47

APE Atomic Number= # of protons= number of electrons in an atom

Question 48

The farther away the electron is from the nucleus the

Answer 48

more energy it has

Question 49

The closer the electron is to the nucleus the

Answer 49

less energy it has because it is being attracted by the protons in the neutrons since opposites attract.

Question 50

shells

Answer 50

Are the energy levels in an atom. Their distance from the nucleus itself determines how much energy they haveh

Question 51

The first energy level (1 PEL) has how many spaces

Answer 51

It has one available space because 2(1)^2=2. And two electrons can fit in each space. All of them are in 1s.

Question 52

The second energy level has

Answer 52

It has four available spaces because 2(2)^2=8 and each space can fit two electrons

Question 53

The second energy level has

Answer 53

It has 9 available spaces because 2(3)^2=18 and each space can fit two electrons

Question 54

The second energy level is divided between

Answer 54

2s: which only has one space and
2p: which has 3 spaces

Question 55

the third energy level has

Answer 55

It has nine available energy spaces because 2(3)^2=18. Since each space can take two electrons

Question 56

The fourth energy level has

Answer 56

It has 16 available spaces because 2(4)^2=32. This is because each space can fit two electrons

Question 57

In each of the spaces there is

Answer 57

one electron going up while the other electron goes down

Question 58

When one energy level or shell has multiple parts you would

Answer 58

have the elections all going up and if there are any left you would put the rest down.