Unit 1 matter and minerals

Question 1

mineralogy

Answer 1

the study of minerals

Question 2

mineral (characteristics)

Answer 2

natually occurring, generally inorganic, solid substance, orderly crystalline structure, definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

Question 3

rock

Answer 3

a solid mass that occurs naturally, often a mix of minerals or very mineral like

Question 4

atom

Answer 4

smallest particles that cant be chemically split

Question 5

proton

Answer 5

very dense particle with a positive charge

Question 6

neutron

Answer 6

dense particle with a neutral charge and high mass

Question 7

electron

Answer 7

tiny mass, negative charge

Question 8

valence electrons

Answer 8

electrons in outermost shell that interact with other atoms to form chemical bonds

Question 9

atomic number

Answer 9

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 10

element

Answer 10

a group of atoms with the same number of protons

Question 11

periodic table

Answer 11

organiation tool for the elements

Question 12

chemical compounds

Answer 12

when atoms of different elements combine they form chemical compounds

Question 13

octet rule

Answer 13

atoms tend to adjust the number of electrons they have until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons

Question 14

chemical bond

Answer 14

transfer or sharing of electrons allowing each atom to attain a full valence shell

Question 15

ions

Answer 15

positively and negatively charged atoms

Question 16

ionic bond

Answer 16

electrons are transferred, attraction of oppositely charged ions

Question 17

covalent bond

Answer 17

when electrons are shared

Question 18

metallic bond

Answer 18

all atoms share the valence electrons

Question 19

luster

Answer 19

light reflected from the surface of a mineral, metallic looking, dull (submetallic), glassy (nonmetallic)

Question 20

streak

Answer 20

color of a mineral in powder form

Question 21

habit or crystal shape

Answer 21

common characteristics of the shape of the crystals or groups of crystals

Question 22

tenacity

Answer 22

a mineral’s toughness or resistance to breaking and deforming

Question 23

hardness

Answer 23

resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

Question 24

Mohs scale

Answer 24

used to measure mineral hardness, talc at bottom, quartz in the middle, and diamond at the top

Question 25

cleavage

Answer 25

tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding

Question 26

fracture

Answer 26

a mineral with chemical bonds that are equally strong in all directions has fracture

Question 27

density

Answer 27

mass per unit volume

Question 28

specific gravity

Answer 28

ration of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an = volume of water

Question 29

rock-forming minerals

Answer 29

the most abundant minerals that make up most rock of the crust

Question 30

economic minerals

Answer 30

minerals used in products and manufacturing

Question 31

silicates

Answer 31

mineral group made of silicon and oxygen

Question 32

nonsilicates

Answer 32

mineral groups in earths crust that are not sillicates

Question 33

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Answer 33

four oxygen atoms surrounding a smaller silicon atom in the shape of a pyramid

Question 34

light silicate minerals

Answer 34

silicate minerals that are light in color with a specific gravity of about 2.7 with varying amounts of aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium

Question 35

dark silicate minerals

Answer 35

have iron and magnesium making them dark in color