Unit 1 Macromolecules, Molecular forces, Proteins (Enzymes)

Question 1

What are proteins composed of & what is their function?

Answer 1

Proteins are composed of amino acids they serve a function within the enzymes ß structure

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Made of sugars, serve a function within the energy B structure

Question 3

Fats / lipids

Answer 3

Composed of hydrocarbons B contain polar groups: functionality includes energy and some structure

Question 4

RNA/DNA

Answer 4

Are nucleaticles which contain genetic information

Question 5

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?

Answer 5

The y classes of biomolecule’s are proteins, carbohydrates, fats/lipids, RNA/DNA

Question 6

Of the 4 classes of biomolecule’S which is not a biopolymer?

Answer 6

Fats / lipids

Question 7

What is a biopolymer?

Answer 7

A biomolymer is produced by cells of living organisms they consist of mono numeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules

Question 8

What is a monosaccharid and what does it make?

Answer 8

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar which creates carbohydrates otherwise known as polysaccharides

Question 9

What do nucleotides join to form?

Answer 9

Nucleotides join to form DNA & RNA

Question 10

What are nucleotides composed of?

Answer 10

A nitrogenous base, ribose or deoxyribose sugar ring - & a phosphate group

Question 11

Nucleotides are monomers of:

Answer 11

DNA and RNA

Question 12

Purines are:

Answer 12

Adenine and guanine

Question 13

Pyrimidines are

Answer 13

Thymine, cytosine, uracil

Question 14

RNA backbone is made of

Answer 14

Ribose sugar

Question 15

What are the bases of RNA

Answer 15

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Question 16

What are the three main types of RNA

Answer 16

The three main types of RNA include messenger RNA, transfer RNA, B Ribosomal RNA

Question 17

What are examples of different types of non coding RNA?

Answer 17

siRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA

Question 18

Define Central Dogma

Answer 18

The Central Dogma is a theory stating that genetic information only flows in one direction. It is the fundamental process responsible for decoding out genetic information.

Question 19

Central Dogma Process

Answer 19

We begin with DNA which transcribes to RNA, which then translates to protein

Question 20

Define Metabolism

Answer 20

Metabolism is the sum of all enzyme- catalyzed reactions in a living organism.

Question 21

There are 2 main types of Metabolism, what are they?

Answer 21

Anabolic & Catabolic Pathways are the two main types of Metabolism.

Question 22

Define Anabolic (Biosynthetic) Pathways:

Answer 22

Anabolic pathways are large complex molecules which are synthesized from smaller molecules (Requires energy)

Question 23

Define Catabolic Pathways:

Answer 23

Catabolic Pathways are large complex molecules which are degraded into simpler products. Catabolic pathways store energy: A portion of the energy produced drives anabolic reactions.

Question 24

What are the energy sources in the photosynthesis reactions?

Answer 24

ADP, ATP, NADP+,NADPH

Question 25

Photosynthesis reaction steps with energy sources:

Answer 25

ADP is first converted to ATP. NADPH serves as the electron donor. NADP and NADP+then move back from the Calvin cycle.

Question 26

Define Membrane:

Answer 26

Membranes define the cells and carry out cellular functions.

Question 27

Define Biological Membranes

Answer 27

Biological Membranes are flexible structures (Usually Lipid Bilayers) that provide a selective physical barrier, preventing contents from leaking out and other molecules from leaking in.

Question 28

What is the basic unit of life?

Answer 28

The cell is the basic unit of life.

Question 29

What are all living things composed of?

Answer 29

All living things are composed of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Question 30

What are the 3 categories all living things are divided into?

Answer 30

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 31

What is Bacteria otherwise known as?

Answer 31

Prokaryotic Cells

Question 32

What are the three shapes of Bacteria?

Answer 32

Rodlike(bacilli), Spheroidal(cocci), Coiled(Spirilla)

Question 33

What do most prokaryotic cells contain?

Answer 33

Most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.

Question 34

What purpose does a peptidoglycan rigid cell wall serve?

Answer 34

A peptidoglycan rigid cell wall maintains shape, and classifies the bacteria as Gram-Positive.

Question 35

What classifies a Bacteria as Gram-Negative?

Answer 35

A peptidoglycan rigid cell wall and an outer lipid bilayer classifies the bacteria as Gram-Negative.

Question 36

What is beneath the cell wall of a Prokaryotic Cell?

Answer 36

The plasma membrane is beneath the wall of a prokaryotic cell.

Question 37

Where is the Circular DNA molecule or chromosome located in a Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 37

The Circular DNA molecule or chromosome is located in an irregularly shaped region called the Nucleoid

Question 38

Define Plasmids:

Answer 38

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules separate from the chromosome.

Question 39

Define Pili:

Answer 39

Pili are fine hair life structures that allow for attachment to food sources and host tissues.

Question 40

Where can you find Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 40

In animals, plants, fungi, and Protista.

Question 41

What is the main differing factor between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

Answer 41

Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than Prokaryotic cells.

Question 42

What do all Eukaryotic cells contain?

Answer 42

All Eukaryotic cells contain a Nucleus.

Question 43

What allows for compartmentalization?

Answer 43

The presence of organelle such as mitochondria, ribosome, chloroplast, etc. Allows compartmentalization.

Question 44

Eukaryotic cells are found in:

Answer 44

Single (Protista) and multicellular organisms.

Question 45

What is the role of Plasma Membrane?

Answer 45

A plasma membrane separates the eukaryotic cell from its external environment. It has a role in intercellular communication.

Question 46

What is the Plasma membrane composed of?

Answer 46

The plasma membrane is composed of lipids and proteins.

Question 47

What is the Cytoplasm known as?

Answer 47

The Cytoplasm is known as the inner substance of the cell.

Question 48

Define Cytoskeleton:

Answer 48

Th Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers, filaments and associated proteins.

Question 49

The Cytoplasm is highly organized by:

Answer 49

The Cytoplasm is highly organized by the Cytoskeleton.

Question 50

What are the functions of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 50

The functions of the Cytoskeleton include Maintenance of cell shape, Facilitation of coherent cellular movement, Provision of a supporting network that guides the movement of organelles.

Question 51

What is the most prominent organelle?

Answer 51

The Nucleus is the most prominent organelle.

Question 52

What does the Nucleus contain?

Answer 52

The Nucleus contains the hereditary information, and site of transcription.

Question 53

What are the Nuclear Components?

Answer 53

Nuclear Components such as a the Nucleoplasm , Chromatin(Genome), and Nuclear Matrix, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope.

Question 54

Define Nuclear Envelope:

Answer 54

The Nuclear Envelope are two membranes and ions which enter and leave the nucleus.