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Principles Of Biochemistry 🧪 > Unit 1 Macromolecules, Molecular forces, Proteins (Enzymes) > Flashcards

Unit 1 Macromolecules, Molecular forces, Proteins (Enzymes) Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins composed of & what is their function?

A

Proteins are composed of amino acids they serve a function within the enzymes ß structure

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made of sugars, serve a function within the energy B structure

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3
Q

Fats / lipids

A

Composed of hydrocarbons B contain polar groups: functionality includes energy and some structure

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4
Q

RNA/DNA

A

Are nucleaticles which contain genetic information

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5
Q

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?

A

The y classes of biomolecule’s are proteins, carbohydrates, fats/lipids, RNA/DNA

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6
Q

Of the 4 classes of biomolecule’S which is not a biopolymer?

A

Fats / lipids

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7
Q

What is a biopolymer?

A

A biomolymer is produced by cells of living organisms they consist of mono numeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules

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8
Q

What is a monosaccharid and what does it make?

A

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar which creates carbohydrates otherwise known as polysaccharides

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9
Q

What do nucleotides join to form?

A

Nucleotides join to form DNA & RNA

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10
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

A nitrogenous base, ribose or deoxyribose sugar ring - & a phosphate group

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11
Q

Nucleotides are monomers of:

A

DNA and RNA

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12
Q

Purines are:

A

Adenine and guanine

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13
Q

Pyrimidines are

A

Thymine, cytosine, uracil

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14
Q

RNA backbone is made of

A

Ribose sugar

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15
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

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16
Q

What are the three main types of RNA

A

The three main types of RNA include messenger RNA, transfer RNA, B Ribosomal RNA

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17
Q

What are examples of different types of non coding RNA?

A

siRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA

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18
Q

Define Central Dogma

A

The Central Dogma is a theory stating that genetic information only flows in one direction. It is the fundamental process responsible for decoding out genetic information.

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19
Q

Central Dogma Process

A

We begin with DNA which transcribes to RNA, which then translates to protein

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20
Q

Define Metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all enzyme- catalyzed reactions in a living organism.

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21
Q

There are 2 main types of Metabolism, what are they?

A

Anabolic & Catabolic Pathways are the two main types of Metabolism.

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22
Q

Define Anabolic (Biosynthetic) Pathways:

A

Anabolic pathways are large complex molecules which are synthesized from smaller molecules (Requires energy)

23
Q

Define Catabolic Pathways:

A

Catabolic Pathways are large complex molecules which are degraded into simpler products. Catabolic pathways store energy: A portion of the energy produced drives anabolic reactions.

24
Q

What are the energy sources in the photosynthesis reactions?

A

ADP, ATP, NADP+,NADPH

25
Q

Photosynthesis reaction steps with energy sources:

A

ADP is first converted to ATP. NADPH serves as the electron donor. NADP and NADP+then move back from the Calvin cycle.

26
Q

Define Membrane:

A

Membranes define the cells and carry out cellular functions.

27
Q

Define Biological Membranes

A

Biological Membranes are flexible structures (Usually Lipid Bilayers) that provide a selective physical barrier, preventing contents from leaking out and other molecules from leaking in.

28
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

The cell is the basic unit of life.

29
Q

What are all living things composed of?

A

All living things are composed of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

30
Q

What are the 3 categories all living things are divided into?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

31
Q

What is Bacteria otherwise known as?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

32
Q

What are the three shapes of Bacteria?

A

Rodlike(bacilli), Spheroidal(cocci), Coiled(Spirilla)

33
Q

What do most prokaryotic cells contain?

A

Most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.

34
Q

What purpose does a peptidoglycan rigid cell wall serve?

A

A peptidoglycan rigid cell wall maintains shape, and classifies the bacteria as Gram-Positive.

35
Q

What classifies a Bacteria as Gram-Negative?

A

A peptidoglycan rigid cell wall and an outer lipid bilayer classifies the bacteria as Gram-Negative.

36
Q

What is beneath the cell wall of a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

The plasma membrane is beneath the wall of a prokaryotic cell.

37
Q

Where is the Circular DNA molecule or chromosome located in a Prokaryotic cell?

A

The Circular DNA molecule or chromosome is located in an irregularly shaped region called the Nucleoid

38
Q

Define Plasmids:

A

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules separate from the chromosome.

39
Q

Define Pili:

A

Pili are fine hair life structures that allow for attachment to food sources and host tissues.

40
Q

Where can you find Eukaryotic cells?

A

In animals, plants, fungi, and Protista.

41
Q

What is the main differing factor between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than Prokaryotic cells.

42
Q

What do all Eukaryotic cells contain?

A

All Eukaryotic cells contain a Nucleus.

43
Q

What allows for compartmentalization?

A

The presence of organelle such as mitochondria, ribosome, chloroplast, etc. Allows compartmentalization.

44
Q

Eukaryotic cells are found in:

A

Single (Protista) and multicellular organisms.

45
Q

What is the role of Plasma Membrane?

A

A plasma membrane separates the eukaryotic cell from its external environment. It has a role in intercellular communication.

46
Q

What is the Plasma membrane composed of?

A

The plasma membrane is composed of lipids and proteins.

47
Q

What is the Cytoplasm known as?

A

The Cytoplasm is known as the inner substance of the cell.

48
Q

Define Cytoskeleton:

A

Th Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers, filaments and associated proteins.

49
Q

The Cytoplasm is highly organized by:

A

The Cytoplasm is highly organized by the Cytoskeleton.

50
Q

What are the functions of the Cytoskeleton?

A

The functions of the Cytoskeleton include Maintenance of cell shape, Facilitation of coherent cellular movement, Provision of a supporting network that guides the movement of organelles.

51
Q

What is the most prominent organelle?

A

The Nucleus is the most prominent organelle.

52
Q

What does the Nucleus contain?

A

The Nucleus contains the hereditary information, and site of transcription.

53
Q

What are the Nuclear Components?

A

Nuclear Components such as a the Nucleoplasm , Chromatin(Genome), and Nuclear Matrix, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope.

54
Q

Define Nuclear Envelope:

A

The Nuclear Envelope are two membranes and ions which enter and leave the nucleus.

Principles Of Biochemistry 🧪 (1 decks)

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