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BIOL1103 > Unit 1: Macromolecules and Alcohol Metabolism > Flashcards

Unit 1: Macromolecules and Alcohol Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

pathway of alcohol in the body

A

ingestion – stomach – gut – bloodstream – liver

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2
Q

when does BAC peak after drinking?

A

about 40 min after consumption

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3
Q

how long does it take for our body to metabolize alcohol?

A

about 6 hours

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4
Q

where does alcohol metabolism occur?

A

liver

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5
Q

enzyme

A

molecules that catalyze biochemical reaction; most are proteins

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6
Q

substrate

A

chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds

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7
Q

active site

A

location within the enzyme where the substrate binds; where the “action” happens

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8
Q

main components of enzymatic reaction

A

substrate binds to the enzyme and releases products

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9
Q

Indicate the enzyme in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate

A

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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10
Q

Indicate the substrate in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate

A

acetaldehyde

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11
Q

Indicate the product in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate

A

acetate

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12
Q

homozygous

A

2 of the same copies

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different copies

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14
Q

alleles

A

variations of the same gene

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15
Q

genotype

A

gene variations, changes in nucleotides

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16
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics

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17
Q

ALDH

A

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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18
Q

ADH

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

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19
Q

how does the body react to acetaldehyde

A

experience mood changes, headache, vomiting, increased heart rate, stomach pain, muscle aches

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20
Q

what are the two proteins that combine together to create the enzyme ADH?

A

ADH2 and ADH3

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21
Q

why does a person whose body metabolizes alcohol slower experience instant hangovers?

A

acetaldehyde will remain in the system for a long period of time

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22
Q

Describe ADH2 Version*1’s substrate binding and velocity

A

stronger bind and slow velocity

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23
Q

Describe ADH2 Version*2’s substrate binding and velocity

A

weaker bind and faster velocity

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24
Q

Do you think that genetic testing for these genes would tell you if you were going to develop alcoholism?

A

No, not directly (but not yes either). These are just genetic predispositions that can create the risk of developing alcoholism. Behaviors and experiences are factors as well, so genetics can’t directly say if someone will develop alcoholism or not.

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25
Q

mutation

A

how alternate alleles of genes arise; is an occurring change to a DNA sequence or a protein

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26
Q

protein synthesis

A

a link between DNA and proteins

27
Q

what are the 2 processes of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

28
Q

transcription

A

DNA must be copied into RNA

29
Q

what happens during transcription

A

the enzyme RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene, called mRNA

30
Q

promoter

A

a special DNA sequence; binds to RNA polymerase just before the start of the gene

31
Q

Complementary Base Pairing
DNA base –> Complementary RNA base
G –> ?
C –> ?
A –> ?
T –> ?

A

G–>C
C–>G
A–>U
T–>A

32
Q

translation

A

mRNA is used to generate proteins by ribosomes

33
Q

what happens during translation

A

ribosomes get together on the exported mRNA and tRNA matches up with complementary mRNA and create codons

34
Q

codon

A

a sequence of 3 nucleic acids in mRNA that match nucleic acids in tRNA

35
Q

polypeptide

A

final product produced

36
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks for proteins

37
Q

tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

matches amino acids with correct codon in mRNA

38
Q

silent mutation

A

no change in amino acid

39
Q

missense mutation

A

change an amino acid to another amino acid

40
Q

nonsense mutation

A

change an amino acid to a stop codon

41
Q

carbohydrates consist of these atoms

A

carbons, hydrogens, and oxygen

42
Q

functions of carbohydrates

A

energy storage
cell surface molecules
structure

43
Q

what do amyloplasts contains?

A

starch

44
Q

starch is a polymer of:

A

glucose

45
Q

where is glycogen in animals stored?

A

in the muscles and liver

46
Q

glycocalyx

A

where good bacteria sticks to the surface in the intestine cells

47
Q

role of structural carbohydrates

A

provide structure (ex. wood)

48
Q

what is wood composed of?

A

cellulose fibers

49
Q

disaccharides

A

two sugar molecules linked together

50
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, single sugar molecule

51
Q

polysaccharide

A

many sugar molecules linked together

52
Q

what are disaccharides held together by?

A

glycosidic bonds

53
Q

what’s another name for cellulose?

A

fiber

54
Q

how do you find total carbs?

A

add sugars, fiber, starch, and other sources together

55
Q

what are mono/disaccharides primarily used for?

A

to sweeten

56
Q

simple sugars have this ending

A

-ose

57
Q

why is too much simple sugar bad?

A

insulin allows glucose to be taken up by cells and high levels of sugar in the blood overtime can result in insulin resistance (leading to Type 2 diabetes and heart problems)

58
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

59
Q

examples of disaccharide

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

60
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

61
Q

where are hydrolysis enzymes located?

A

in the mouth and small intestine

62
Q

what do hydrolysis enzymes do?

A

break down larger carbohydrates

63
Q

enzyme protein names often end in this suffix:

A

-ase

BIOL1103 (1 decks)

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