Unit 1: Macromolecules and Alcohol Metabolism Flashcards
pathway of alcohol in the body
ingestion – stomach – gut – bloodstream – liver
when does BAC peak after drinking?
about 40 min after consumption
how long does it take for our body to metabolize alcohol?
about 6 hours
where does alcohol metabolism occur?
liver
enzyme
molecules that catalyze biochemical reaction; most are proteins
substrate
chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds
active site
location within the enzyme where the substrate binds; where the “action” happens
main components of enzymatic reaction
substrate binds to the enzyme and releases products
Indicate the enzyme in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Indicate the substrate in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate
acetaldehyde
Indicate the product in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate
acetate
homozygous
2 of the same copies
heterozygous
2 different copies
alleles
variations of the same gene
genotype
gene variations, changes in nucleotides
phenotype
physical characteristics
ALDH
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
ADH
alcohol dehydrogenase
how does the body react to acetaldehyde
experience mood changes, headache, vomiting, increased heart rate, stomach pain, muscle aches
what are the two proteins that combine together to create the enzyme ADH?
ADH2 and ADH3
why does a person whose body metabolizes alcohol slower experience instant hangovers?
acetaldehyde will remain in the system for a long period of time
Describe ADH2 Version*1’s substrate binding and velocity
stronger bind and slow velocity
Describe ADH2 Version*2’s substrate binding and velocity
weaker bind and faster velocity
Do you think that genetic testing for these genes would tell you if you were going to develop alcoholism?
No, not directly (but not yes either). These are just genetic predispositions that can create the risk of developing alcoholism. Behaviors and experiences are factors as well, so genetics can’t directly say if someone will develop alcoholism or not.
mutation
how alternate alleles of genes arise; is an occurring change to a DNA sequence or a protein
protein synthesis
a link between DNA and proteins
what are the 2 processes of protein synthesis
transcription and translation
transcription
DNA must be copied into RNA
what happens during transcription
the enzyme RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene, called mRNA
promoter
a special DNA sequence; binds to RNA polymerase just before the start of the gene
Complementary Base Pairing
DNA base –> Complementary RNA base
G –> ?
C –> ?
A –> ?
T –> ?
G–>C
C–>G
A–>U
T–>A
translation
mRNA is used to generate proteins by ribosomes
what happens during translation
ribosomes get together on the exported mRNA and tRNA matches up with complementary mRNA and create codons
codon
a sequence of 3 nucleic acids in mRNA that match nucleic acids in tRNA
polypeptide
final product produced
amino acids
building blocks for proteins
tRNA (transfer RNA)
matches amino acids with correct codon in mRNA
silent mutation
no change in amino acid
missense mutation
change an amino acid to another amino acid
nonsense mutation
change an amino acid to a stop codon
carbohydrates consist of these atoms
carbons, hydrogens, and oxygen
functions of carbohydrates
energy storage
cell surface molecules
structure
what do amyloplasts contains?
starch
starch is a polymer of:
glucose
where is glycogen in animals stored?
in the muscles and liver
glycocalyx
where good bacteria sticks to the surface in the intestine cells
role of structural carbohydrates
provide structure (ex. wood)
what is wood composed of?
cellulose fibers
disaccharides
two sugar molecules linked together
monosaccharides
simple sugars, single sugar molecule
polysaccharide
many sugar molecules linked together
what are disaccharides held together by?
glycosidic bonds
what’s another name for cellulose?
fiber
how do you find total carbs?
add sugars, fiber, starch, and other sources together
what are mono/disaccharides primarily used for?
to sweeten
simple sugars have this ending
-ose
why is too much simple sugar bad?
insulin allows glucose to be taken up by cells and high levels of sugar in the blood overtime can result in insulin resistance (leading to Type 2 diabetes and heart problems)
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
examples of disaccharide
maltose, sucrose, lactose
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
where are hydrolysis enzymes located?
in the mouth and small intestine
what do hydrolysis enzymes do?
break down larger carbohydrates
enzyme protein names often end in this suffix:
-ase
