Unit 1 Lecture Flashcards
parts of lymphatic system
spleen, tonsils, appendix
function of lymphatic system
clean interstitial fluid
Parts of endocrine system
hypothalomus, pituitary gland, ovary, teste
parts of urinary system
kidney, ureter, bladder
What are oocytes
egg cells
List characteristics of life
boundaries, movement, responsiveness, nutrients, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Parts of control mechanism
receptor, control center, effector
Negative feedback loop
shuts off initial stimulus
Examples of negative feedback loop
blood sugar, body temp, blood volume
Positive feedback loop
exaggerates initial stimulus
Examples of positive feedback loop
labor, blood clotting, high fever
Superior
toward head
Inferior
toward feet
medial
toward center line
Lateral
away from center line
proximal
limbs: toward trunk
distal
limbs: toward phlanges
superficial
toward surface
deep
into body
anterior
aka ventral: front halg
posterior
aka dorsal: back half
axial
head, neck, trunk
appendicular
limbs
Transverse plane
parallel to ground
frontal plane
vertical: anterior and posterior
sagittal plane
vertical: left and right
Transverse organ section
perpendicular
Longitudinal organ section
parallel
Oblique organ section
45 degrees
Dorsal cavity encloses…
brain, spinal cord
Parts of dorsal cavity
cranial, vertebral
Ventral cavity encloses…
internal organs (viscera)
Ventral cavity divisions
thoracic, abdominopelvic
What separates the ventral cavities
diaphragm
parts of thoracic cavity
2 pleural cavities, mediastinum
What do the pleural cavities hold
lungs
what does the mediastinum hold
heart (pericardial cavity)
Parts of abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal, pelvic
What is contained by abdominal cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver
What is contained by the pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
What is serous membrane
double layer membrane covering major organs
What are the layers of serous membranes
parietal (outer), visceral (inner)
What is between layers of serous membrane
serous fluid
purpose of serous fluid
lubrication, heat management
names of special serous membranes and what they contain
pericardium (heart), pleura (lungs), peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity)
where are mucus membranes found
cavities indirectly open to environment (digestive, urinary, reproductive, respiratory tracts)
Types of epithelial tissue
covering/lining, glandular
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
appical and basal layer, closely packed cells, avascular but innervated, high rate of regeneration, basement membrane
What holds epithelial cells together
tight junctions and desmosomes
what is the basal membrane made up of
glycoprotein and collagen
parts of basement membrane
basal lamina, reticular lamina
function of basement membrane
anchor epithelium to connective tissue
classifications of epithelial tissue
squamous, cuboidal, columnar: simple, stratified
Where are simple squamous cells found
Endothelium (lining of lymphatic and blood vessels), mesothelium (lining of serous membranes)
Where are simple cuboidal tissues found
bronchoiles, kidney tubules
What do simple cuboidal tissues have
microvilli
function of simple cuboidal cells
absorption, secretion, mucus
Shape and location of nuclei in simple columnar tissues
oval, basal
Functions of simple columnar tissues
absorption, secretion, mucus
locations of simple columnar tissues
GI tract, uterus, uterine tubes
What do pseudostratified ciliated columnar tissues have
cilia, goblet cells
cilia vs microvilli
c: sweep, m:absorb
function of goblet cells
mucus
function of keratinized stratified squamous
keep in water, protect skin
function of keratin in keratinized stratified sqaumous tissue
strength
what is the outer layer of keratinized stratified squamous tissue
dead squamous cells
What is the outer layer of nonkeratinized stratified squamous tissue
live squamous cells
Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous tissue found
tongue, esophagus, vagina
where is keratinized stratified squamous tissue found
surface of skin
where are stratified cuboidal tissues found
sweat and mammary glands
function of stratified columnar tissues
secretion
what type of epithelium is transitional epithelium
stratified
What happens when transitional epithelium is stretched
cells stretch (cuboidal to squamous), fewer layers
Function of glandular epithelium
secretion
Do endocrine glandular epithelial tissues have ducts?
no
Do exocrine glandular epithelial tissues have ducts?
Yes
Where do endocrine glandular epithelial tissues release product
blood or lymph
What do endocrine glandular epithelial tissues release
hormones
Where do exocrine glandular epithelial cells release their product
onto surfaces or into cavities
name of unicellular glandular tissue
goblet cell
Name modes of secretion
Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
What is merocrine secretiuon
exocytosis
What is apocrine secretion
pinches off portion of cell
What is holocrine secretion
cell ruptures
Where does apocrine secretion occur
armpits, groin
Where does holocrine secretion occur
sebacious glands
List types of connective tissue
proper, cartilage, bone, blood
Functions of connective tissue
binding/support, protection, insulation, transportation
characteristics of connective tissue
comes from Mesenchyme, vascular or nonvasculaar, extracellular matrix, same fibers, same cell types
What is Mesenchyme
stem cell
What is extracellular matrix made up of
ground substance and fibers *interstitial fluid, adhersion protein, proteoglycan)
function of extracellular matrix
diffuse solutes
What is proteoglycan made up of
protein, glycosaminoglycans
What is the result of more GAGs in an extracellular matrix
more viscous
types of fibers in connective tissue
collagen, elastic, reticular
blast vs cyte cells
b: secretory, divide c: mature, less productive
Where are Fibroblasts found
proper connective tissue
what are hematopoietic cells
stem cells
What do hematopoietic cells produce
red/white blood cells, platelets
Types of proper connective tissue
loose, dense
types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
function of areolar tissue
wrap/cushion organs
Where is areolar tissue located
under epithelial tissue
What fibers are found in areolar tissue
collagen, elastic, reticular
function of adipose tissue
store fat
cell type in adipose tissue
adipocytes
where are the organelles in adipose cells
near cell membrane
Function of brown adipose tissue
produce heat
What organelle does brown adipose tissue have in abundance
mitochondria
function of reticular tissue
delicate support
where is reticular tissue found
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
types of dense connective tissue
regular, irregular, elastic
what fiber is found in dense regular tissue
collagen going in similar directions
where is dense regular tissue found
ligaments, tendons
function of dense regular tissue
strong inflexible support
Fiber found in dense irregular tissue
collagen in many directions
where is dense irregular tissue found
strong coverings, dermis
function of dense irregular tissue
stretch in many directions
fibers in elastic tissue
elastic
where are elastic tissues found
large arteries, bronchial tubes