Unit 1: Learning Aim B

Question 1

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 1

It is caused by a faulty recessive gene thought to be carried by as many as 4% of the UK population that results in a defective protein being produced. This can cause the lungs to be clogged with sticky mucus, nurishment problems, respiratory problems and chest infections. It can be treated by various drugs to help control breathing.

Question 2

What is brittle bone disease?

Answer 2

It may be passed from a parent, but can be due to a genetic mutation. A sufferer can experience breaking their bones more easily because their bones lack collagen. It can be treated with physiotherapy, assistive equipment and drugs to strengthen their bones.

Question 3

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 3

Rare genetic disorder that prevents a child from breaking down phenylalanine that can be found in meat, milk and eggs. If it was eaten, there was a buildup of harmful substances in the body, which can damage brain development. It cannot be cured, but babies are screened for it at birth.

Question 4

What is huntington’s disease?

Answer 4

An inherited neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells in the brain. It can affect muscle coordination and cause mental decline and behavioural changes.

Question 5

What is klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 5

Children that are born with an extra X chromosome after the baby is conceived, meaning that the condition is not inherited. This is shown in sufferers when they are slow reaching milestones, sitting up or walking, may have poor muscle control and delayed communication. Treatment is available for low testosterone levels.

Question 6

What is down syndrome?

Answer 6

A genetic condition that occurs as a result of an extra chromosome, which can cause varying levels of learning disability, so it is generally not inherited. They do experience a higher incidence of depression due to this condition.

Question 7

What is colour blindness?

Answer 7

Individuals have difficulty in distinguishing between colours, which is passed down through genetics due to inherited abnormalities in the retina. It can be experienced as a result of diabetes, age or multiple sclerosis.

Question 8

What is duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Answer 8

A group of inherited genetic conditions that gradually weakens muscles that can lead to disability. It is caused by changes in the genes responsible for the structure and functioning of a person’s muscles. They can face severe health problems, especially by their late teens.

Question 9

What is Gesell’s maturation theory?

Answer 9

Focuses solely on how nature aids the development of characteristics.
Believed that: Development is genetically determined from birth.
Children follow the same orderly sequence in their development.
Pace of development may vary depending on physical and intellectual development.

Question 10

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

Answer 10

Summarises that nurture alone affects the development of certain characteristics.

1. Attention.
2. Retention.
3. Reproduction.
4. Motivation.

Question 11

What is the stress diathesis model?

Answer 11

Nature and nurture both affect the development of characteristics.
Nature = Diathesis: Predisposition to mental disorders due to an abnormality in the brain.
Nurture = Stresses: Traumatic events in a person’s life.

Question 12

What is cancer?

Answer 12

Uncontrolled cell growth.
Often caused by environmental and lifestyle factors.
Some inherited genes/ gene faults increase risks of developing cancer.
For example: Breast, Bowel, Womb, Kidney.

Question 13

What is diabetes?

Answer 13

Type 1: Body does not produce insulin.
Genetic.
Type 2: Body stops responding to insulin.
Lifestyle.
Environmental factors play a role in developing type 2 diabetes.
Predisposition to both type 1 and type 2.

Question 14

What is high blood cholesterol?

Answer 14

Too much cholesterol in the body.
Lifestyle factors increase risk.
For example: Unhealthy diet, Smoking, Lack of exercise, Familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Question 15

What are biological factors that can affect the development of an organism?

Answer 15

Mother's poor lifestyle when she's pregnant.
Poor diet.
Drug use.
Alcohol use.
Smoking.

Question 16

What are the effects of poor lifestyle during pregnancy on a child?

Answer 16

Low birth rate.
Premature birth.
Long term health problems.
Learning disabilities.
Developmental decay.
Congenital defects.

Question 17

What can maternal infections cause in a child?

Answer 17

Health problems.
Still birth.
Miscarriage.

Question 18

What problems can foetal alcohol syndrome cause in a child?

Answer 18

Small head circumference.
Neurological problems.
Abnormal growth.
Developmental delay.
Facial abnormalities.

Question 19

What factors can contribute to congenital abnormalities?

Answer 19

Genetic E.G. Down’s syndrome.
Nutritional E.G. Deficiency in folate, which increases the risk of neural tube defect (spina bifida).
Environmental E.G. Maternal exposure to pesticides, chemicals, radiation or alcohol or tobacco, causing abnormal growth.
Infections E.G. Rubella, which could result in deafness and health problems.

Question 20

What factors can affect human growth and development?

Answer 20

Inherited.
Environmental.
Social.
Economic.
Biological.
Life events.

Question 21

What conditions are caused by pollutants?

Answer 21

Respiratory disorders: Bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, lung cancer.
Cardiovascular problems: Artery blockage, heart attack.
Allergies: Wheezing, rashes, allergic rhinitis, anaphylactic shock.

Question 22

Why is pollution harmful to the body?

Answer 22

Pollutants are taken into the body via the nose and mouth or through the skin.

Question 23

What are the possible effects of housing conditions?

Answer 23

Poor ventilation/ damp and mould: Respiratory disorders.
Overcrowding: Anxiety/ depression.
Inadequate heating: Hypothermia.
Lack of outdoor space: Cardiovascular problems.
Poor sanitation/ vermin: Risk of infection.

Question 24

What are the three parenting styles as identified by Diana Baumrind?

Answer 24

1. Authoritative.
2. Authoritarian.
3. Permissive.

Question 25

What is the authoritative parenting style?

Answer 25

Parents are not overly strict.
Children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries.
Children are often more resilient and conform more easily to the social norms of society.

Question 26

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 26

Parents have very high expectations, often overwhelming their children with strict rules and regulations.
Children are often rebellious and may become problematic both in the family home and in wider social settings.

Question 27

What is the permissive parenting style?

Answer 27

Parents make few demands, and may be reluctant to implement rules or values into the lives of their children.
Children often lack a sense of self control as they have no set boundaries or respect for personal space.
They may later experience problems in managing relationships and adult responsibilities.

Question 28

What are characteristics of a dysfunctional family?

Answer 28

Members do not carry out their responsibilities.
Needs of family members are not met.
Displays of negativity towards each other.
Sibling rivalry and conflict.
Abuse may happen.
Use of coercion and blame.

Question 29

What are some reasons for dysfunctional families?

Answer 29

Parents perpetuate their own dysfunctional upbringing.
Untreated mental illnesses in one of more family members.
Alcohol or drug abuse by one or more members of the family.

Question 30

What are some short term effects of bullying?

Answer 30

Stress/ anxiety.
Poor self image.
Low self esteem.
Eating disorders.
Withdrawal from school, work and activities.
Inability to cope with life events.

Question 31

What are some long term effects of bullying?

Answer 31

Difficulties in forming relationships.
Poor academic achievement.
Substance misuse.
Self harm.
Increased risk of suicide.

Question 32

What are examples of dietary restrictions?

Answer 32

Religions forbidding the consumption of certain foods.

E.G. Shellfish for Jewish, pork for Muslims, Buddhists and Hindus are vegetarian.

Question 33

What are possible health benefits of dietary restrictions?

Answer 33

High fibre and/or low fat diets = lower risk of high cholesterol, heart disease and high blood pressure.
Reduced risk of cancers and heart disease if alcohol or stimulants are restricted.

Question 34

What are possible health risks of dietary restrictions?

Answer 34

Nutritional deficiencies.
E.G. Lack of calcium (bones and teeth), iron and vitamin B12 (for red blood cells), vitamin D (for healthy bone growth) and protein (for maintenance of muscles, organs, skin and bones).

Question 35

What are some examples of fasting?

Answer 35

Several religions have periods of fasting.

E.G. Muslims during Ramadan, Jewish for several days in the year and Mormons on the first Sunday of each month.

Question 36

What are possible health benefits of fasting?

Answer 36

Loss of weight, reduced cholesterol levels, detoxification.

Question 37

What are possible health risks of fasting?

Answer 37

Heartburn, constipation, malnourishment, dehydration, exacerbation of existing conditions (diabetes and stress).

Question 38

What are some examples of medical intervention?

Answer 38

Christian scientists believe in healing through prayer and Jehovah’s Witnesses do not receive blood transfusions.

Question 39

What are possible health risks of medical intervention?

Answer 39

Deterioration to health and possible death.

Question 40

What are 2 positive and 2 negative physical economic factors?

Answer 40

Positive: Manual/ active jobs improve muscle tone and stamina. Lifestyle: being able to afford a healthy diet and regular exercise to keep digestive systems, circulatory systems and joints healthy.
Negative: Manual jobs may cause muscular and skeletal problems. Sedentary/ desk based jobs can cause back problems, RSI, lack of fitness and increased risk of joint problems and heart attack.

Question 41

What are 2 positive and 2 negative intellectual economic factors?

Answer 41

Positive: Being in work, education or training promotes creative thinking and problem solving skills. Being able to afford a good diet and exercise can promote cognitive development.
Negative: Being out of work, retired or in a non-demanding job may cause deterioration of memory and problem solving skills. Low income and a low quality lifestyle can lead to stress and loss of concentration.

Question 42

What are 2 positive and 3 negative emotional economic factors?

Answer 42

Positive: Being in a high status job and having a good income and education may lead to high self image and positive self esteem. Having an adequate income and job provides opportunities and independence.
Negative: Being unemployed may lead to poor lifestyle choices, negative self image and low self esteem. Low income may lead to lack of choice and independence. Concerns about lack of work or finances can lead to stress.

Question 43

What are 2 positive and 2 negative social economic factors?

Answer 43

Positive: Being at school, training or work provides opportunities to develop friendships. Being able to afford a healthy lifestyle can lead to friendships.
Negative: Low income or unemployment offers fewer opportunities for building relationships. Poor lifestyle may lead to breakdown in relationships.

Question 44

What are predictable life events?

Answer 44

Life events that are likely to happen to most people (starting school or work).
They can be anticipated and prepared for.

Question 45

What are unpredictable events?

Answer 45

Life events that are not expected (an accident or serious injury).
They happen with little or no warning so cannot be prepared for.

Question 46

What is the Holmes and Rahe study?

Answer 46

1. Holmes and Rahe listed 43 life events that individuals may experience.
2. They applied a score to each life event, depending on the level of stress it would likely cause.
3. Patients were asked to indicate the life events they had experienced from the list.
4. Patients added up the scores from their life events.

Question 47

What did the Holmes and Race study find?

Answer 47

They found that there was a correlation between the number of units (the level and number of stressful events the individual experienced) and their illness.

Question 48

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 48

The behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction (intrinsic reinforcement) or rewards (extrinsic reinforcement).

Question 49

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 49

The behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience.
E.G. Lack of satisfaction or being told off.

Question 50

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 50

Children may be motivated because they see that the person or ‘model’ they observe is getting satisfaction or positive feedback.
Children may resist imitating the action because the model receives negative feedback from their action.