Unit 1: Law and Ethics

Question 1

Is there one national ethical perspective?

Answer 1

No

Question 2

Ethical frameworks

Answer 2

Exist to assist when deciding ethical dilemmas

Question 3

Ethical duties

Answer 3

Require us to do more than what is currently required by law

Question 4

Healthcare ethics

Answer 4

Defined in terms of rules, principles, values, and decision processes

Question 5

Professional Code of Conduct

Answer 5

Reflects the values and principles defined by a profession as acceptable behavior within a practice setting

Question 6

Determinants of Health

Answer 6

Elements contributing to the overall health and well-being of a specific population

Question 7

Diversity

Answer 7

the practice or quality of including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders, sexual orientations, etc.

Question 8

Equity

Answer 8

the quality of being fair and impartial

Question 9

Inclusion

Answer 9

Ensures people of diverse backgrounds are welcomed

Question 10

Ethics

Answer 10

Standards of behavior that develop as a result of one’s concept of right or wrong

Question 11

Morals

Answer 11

What is right or wrong in human behavior; unique to individuals

Question 12

Ethics vs morals

Answer 12

Morals are unique to indvs whereas ethics are derived from generally agreed-upon principles

Question 13

Values

Answer 13

Attitudes and character traits that enable people to be and act in ways that develop their human potential

Question 14

Autonomy

Answer 14

Independence, self-determination, freedom

Question 15

Jack Kevorkian, MD

Answer 15

First physician assisted suicide doctor

Question 16

Beneficence

Answer 16

Doing good, preventing harm, helping others

Question 17

The danger of too much beneficence

Answer 17

People often believe they know what is best for another and make decisions they believe are in the pt’s best interest

Question 18

Nonmaleficence

Answer 18

Avoid causing harm

Question 19

Justice

Answer 19

Obligation to be fair in the distribution of benefits and risks

Question 20

Equitable care does not mean equal care, but that…

Answer 20

it is offered to everyone

Question 21

Distributive Justice

Answer 21

Fair distribution of burdens and benefits using independent standards

Question 22

Comparative Justice

Answer 22

Balance competing needs with no independent standard to make comparison

Question 23

Double effect principle

Answer 23

Recognizes that ethical choices may result in untoward outcomes

Question 24

Best interest standards

Answer 24

Involves considering a patient’s situation as a whole, including their medical, psychological, and social factors when a patient cannot give consent

Question 25

Veracity

Answer 25

Habitual truthfulness and honesty; must be able to disclose facts to patient to enable patient to decide care

Question 26

Fidelity

Answer 26

Faithful and loyal; related to accountability

Question 27

Compassion

Answer 27

Awareness of and sympathy for another’s suffering

Question 28

Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism

Answer 28

Based solely on outcome to help the greatest amount of people

Question 29

Ethical Theories: Deontology

Answer 29

Duty-based; individuals should act ethically because it is their duty

Question 30

Ethical Theories: Right-based

Answer 30

Primary goal of decision-making should be maintaining the rights of every individual

Question 31

Ethical Theories: Virtue-based

Answer 31

Seeking the good in life; positive moral principles lead to positive actions

Question 32

Medical Ethics Committee

Answer 32

Provides a standardized approach to ethical decision-making in the healthcare organization

Question 33

Bioethics

Answer 33

Addresses ethical issues arising from technological advancements in healthcare

Question 34

Karen Ann Quinlan: Significance

Answer 34

First court case to change history of right to die, development of formal ethics committees and advanced directives/living wills.

Question 35

Karen Ann Quinlan: Court Decision

Answer 35

When a patient can’t express wishes, guardian may use substituted judgment doctrine to determine what patient would decide under same circumstances

Question 36

Nancy Cruzan: Significance

Answer 36

Created the patient self-determination act

Question 37

Patient Self Determination Act

Answer 37

Goal is to “ensure patients rights to self- determination in health care decisions be communicated and protected”

Question 38

Teresa Schiavo: Significance

Answer 38

Basis for guardship for making medical decisions