UNIT 1: “KINGDOM” PROTISTA (23)

Question 1

Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes because of:

Answer 1

• The nucleus
• Membrane bound organelles
• Overall size is bigger
• Appearance of eukaryotes in microfossils occurred about 1.5 BYA

Question 2

Primary Endosymbiosis

Answer 2

• The original internalization of prokaryotes by an ancestral eukaryotic cell, resulting in the formation of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 3

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Answer 3

• Certain groups of algae engulfed either green or red algae that already had chloroplasts

Question 4

Tertiary (or more) Endosymbiosis

Answer 4

• Certain groups may have undergone endosymbiosis a third time

Question 5

Endosymbiosis

Answer 5

• A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other
• Supported by:
• DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplasts (Similar to bacteria in size, character, and sequence)
• Ribosomes inside mitochondria similar to those in bacteria
• Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate independently by binary fission

Question 6

Endosymbiosis Characteristics

Answer 6

• Anything not bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals
• Includes common ancestor of all eukaryotes and NOT all the descendants
• Vary in every other aspect

Question 7

Cell structure

Answer 7

• Micro → Macroscopic
• Simple membranes → mineralized structures/shells

Question 8

Red Algae

Answer 8

• Freshwater, marine, microscopic, macroscopic
• Red accessory pigments

Question 9

Green Algae

Answer 9

• The plant/green algae clade
• Chloro = green

Question 10

Red Algae and Green Algae Share:

Answer 10

• Reproductive strategies
• Chloroplast structure

Question 11

Chlorophyta

Answer 11

• Freshwater, marine
• Grow near and on land
• Single celled, colonial, multicellular
• Cell are all very similar with no tissues

Question 12

Charophyta

Answer 12

• Small but multicellular
• Have simple tissues similar to plants
• Tend to be more common on land

Question 13

Gymnomobae

Answer 13

• No shells (gymno = naked)
• Move with pseudopods
• Cytoplasmic extensions of the cell membrane
• Typically single cells
• Can be multinucleate
• Modification/loss of mitochondria and live in anaerobic environments

Question 14

Slime Molds

Answer 14

• Not a mold/fungus
• Similar lifestyle as they usually feed on dead plant matter
• Cellular transition
• Good times: single cells similar to Gymnomobae
• Bad times: multicellular “slug”
• Cells fuse together into a large macroscopic mass
• Sexually reproduces to produce spores that come from stalks (also like mold)
• Sexually reproduce to make genes

Question 15

Choanoflagellates

Answer 15

• Single celled and colonial
• Defined by cells with a collar and a flagella inside it
• Cells very similar in structure to sponges

Question 16

Radiolaria

Answer 16

• Needle-like pseudopods with exoskeletons called tests
• Produce intricate silica tests

Question 17

Foraminifera

Answer 17

• Foramina = holes
• Pore-studded tests which thin pseudopodia emerge (swimming and feeding)
• Produce limestone with tests
• Symbiotic with photosynthetic algae

Question 18

Dinoflagellates

Answer 18

• Cellulose/silica covering
• Lives in water
• Triple membrane chloroplasts
• 2 perpendicular flagella
• Harmful Algal Blooms, ex: Karenia brevis

Question 19

Apical Complex

Answer 19

• Cytoskeletal and secretory structures that help to invade hosts

Question 20

Amicomplexans

Answer 20

• All members are parasites
• Microtubules, fibrin, and vacuoles are asymmetrically distributed into an apical complex (apex = tip)
• Specially designed to penetrate host cells
• Ex: Plasmodium causes malaria
• Malaria is caused by a protist called apicomplexan
• Malaria is the most lethal disease on Earth

Question 21

Ciliates

Answer 21

• Covered by cilia and a protective pellicle
• Typically have a macro- and micro- nucleus for reproduction (conjugation)
• May be mobile predators, or attach to substrate and use cilia to filter-feed
• Ex: Paramecium

Question 22

Brown Algae

Answer 22

• Cells form complex colonies or may be multicellular
• Largest
• Secondary compounds
• Brown chloro
• Not related to plants
• Some can be very large and form kelp forests
• 4x membrane chloroplasts
• Ex: Saccharina latissima

Question 23

Diatoms

Answer 23

• Unicellular plankton silica test that consists of two halves and openings called a raphe
• 4x membrane chloroplast
• Diatoms = cut in two

Question 24

Water “Molds”

Answer 24

• Not mold
• No pigments, clear
• It’s a protist and fungi
• Motile spores with 2 unequal flagella
• Mostly aquatic, some terrestrial
• Decomposers and parasites
• Phytophthora caused irish famine
• Eats potatoes

Question 25

Diplomonads

Answer 25

• Two cells fused together
• 2 haploid nuclei
• 4 flagella
• Cannot live in an area with oxygen
• Have remnants of mitochondria called mitosomes = anaerobic
• Mitosomes =little mitochondria bodies
• Parasitic
• Giardia duodenalis causes “beaver fever”

Question 26

Parabasalids

Answer 26

• 2 nuclei
• Multiple flagella
• No mitochondria
• Have unique fibers next to the basal body of their flagella
• Para = next to
• Termite guts, help break down cellulose
• Parasitic
• Trichomonas vaginais: verneral disease
• Trichomonas vaginais is passed through sexual contact

Question 27

Eugelenozoa

Answer 27

• 1 nucleus
• 1 flagella,
• Multiple chloroplasts (if present)
• Some photosynthetic and free living, can detect light with a specialized organelle called an eyespot
• Some parasitic of animals including humans
• Ex: Trypanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness