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AP Human Geography > Unit 1: Introduction to Human Geography > Flashcards

Unit 1: Introduction to Human Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute direction

A

A cardinal direction or compass direction, such as north, south, east, and west.

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2
Q

Absolute distance

A

A measurement in standard unit lengths, such as miles or kilometers.

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3
Q

Absolute location

A

The position of a certain item expressed in latitude and longitude.

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4
Q

Accessibility

A

The ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place. Relates to opportunity for contact or interaction.

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5
Q

Agricultural density

A

The number of farmers per unit area of arable land.

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6
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of a phenomenon divided by total land area.

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7
Q

Base line

A

An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785.

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8
Q

Built landscape

A

An area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources.

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9
Q

Cartography

A

The science of mapmaking.

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10
Q

Centralized pattern

A

Arrangement of phenomenon that is clustered at a specific point.

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11
Q

Clustered

A

Arrangement of objects closely together.

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12
Q

Agglomerated

A

Arrangement of objects closely together.

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13
Q

Concentration

A

The extent of a feature’s spread over space. We refer to the extent specifically by using words like clustered or dispersed.

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14
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

Rapid, widespread spreading of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas are good examples.

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15
Q

Connectivity

A

The directness of routes linking pairs of places; all tangible and intangible means of linking places together through transit, communication, etc.

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16
Q

Cultural ecology

A

The geographic study of human-environment relationships and human adaptations to social and physical environments.

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17
Q

Cultural landscape

A

The combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation seen in the land.

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18
Q

Culture

A

The belief systems, behaviors, and material objects shared by a group of people.

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19
Q

Density

A

The frequency of phenomenon over a given amount of space.

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another.

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21
Q

Dispersed

A

Arrangement of objects in an area with relatively large distances between them - far apart.

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22
Q

Scattered

A

Arrangement of objects in an area with relatively large distances between hem - far apart.

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23
Q

Distance decay

A

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from is origin.

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24
Q

Distribution

A

Arrangement of features in space. Composed of three main properties: density, concentration, pattern.

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25
Q

Environmental determinsm

A

Theory that states that the physical environment causes social development.

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26
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

The spread of a feature or trend among people in a snowballing process. Could be contagious, hierarchical, or stimulus.

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27
Q

Fieldwork

A

The study of geography by visiting places and observing the people or objects and how they react with changes there.

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28
Q

Formal (uniform) region

A

An area marked by homogeneity in one or more phenomena.

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29
Q

Friction of Distance

A

A measure of the restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction.

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30
Q

Functional (nodal) region

A

An area organized around a focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. Displays information about economic connections in communication and transportation.

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31
Q

Geocaching

A

A treasure hunt. A cache is uploaded online with absolute location as the hint.

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32
Q

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A

Computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user in layers on a map.

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33
Q

Global positioning system (GPS)

A

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.

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34
Q

Globalization

A

The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they are global in scale and impact.

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35
Q

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

A

The time zone encompassing the prime meridian.

36
Q

Hearth

A

The place from which an innovation originates and diffuses from there to other places.

37
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power.

38
Q

Human-Environment Interaction

A

Theme of geography: the interactions between human social systems and the rest of the ecosystem.

39
Q

Human Geography

A

Branch of geography dealing with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relationships across space and place.

40
Q

International Date Line

A

An arc that follows the 180 degree longitude line with minor deviations to avoid dividing land areas; divides one day from the next.

41
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

A law that divided much of the US into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

42
Q

Latitude

A

Lines that run East to West and measure North to South from the Equator.

43
Q

Linear Pattern

A

Arrangement of phenomena in space such that they form a line. (Especially true of settlements that follow transit routes)

44
Q

Location

A

The position that something occupies on Earth’s surface.

45
Q

Longitude

A

Lines that run North and South and measure East to West from the Prime Meridian.

46
Q

Map

A

A two-dimensional (flat) representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of Earth’s surface.

47
Q

Mental map

A

An image of the way space is organized as determined by an individual’s perception, impression, and knowledge of that space.

48
Q

Meridian

A

A line of longitude; drawn on a map and running between the North and South poles.

49
Q

Natural landscape

A

The physical landscape and environment that is unaffected by human activities.

50
Q

Network

A

A group or system of interconnected (linked) people or things.

51
Q

Parallel

A

A line of latitude that runs East to West.

52
Q

Pattern

A

The arrangement of objects in space.

53
Q

Physiological density

A

The number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture (arable land).

54
Q

Physical attributes

A

Same as natural landscape.

55
Q

Place

A

The unique characteristics that help to define areas as distinct from others.

56
Q

Placelessness

A

The concept that as areas lose distinct characteristics and become homogeneous, each area becomes uniform and lacks a unique identity.

57
Q

Polder

A

Low-lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new farmland.

58
Q

Possibilism

A

Theory that environmental restrictions limit human actions but that humanity is capable of adjusting to these limitations and making decisions.

59
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Zero degrees longitude.

60
Q

Principal meridian

A

A North-South line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

61
Q

Projection

A

The process of transferring the Earth’s surface to a flat map. (Robinson, Mercator, Peters examples).

62
Q

Random pattern

A

Arrangement of objects in space that has no clear linear or centralized arrangement.

63
Q

Region

A

An area of Earth distinguished by a unique combination of cultural or physical features.

64
Q

Regional studies

A

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular area of study.

65
Q

Relative direction

A

Non-cardinal means of communicating location of objects in space or describing how to get from one location to another without use of cardinal directions.

66
Q

Relative distance

A

A measure of distance that includes the costs of the friction of distance between two locations. Includes social, cultural, or economic connectivity (use of time to travel, number of traffic lights, tolls, etc. as examples)

67
Q

Relative location

A

A description of how a place is related to other places.

68
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

A form of spreading of a feature over space by physical movement of the owners of the phenomena.

69
Q

Remote sensing

A

A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.

70
Q

Resource

A

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptbale to use.

71
Q

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

A

The process of spread of a phenomena over space that moves from places of less importance to those of more importance.

72
Q

Scale

A

The size of the unit studies (local, regional, global).

73
Q

Map scale

A

The mathematical relationship between the size of an area on a map and its actual size on Earth.

74
Q

Sections

A

A square with 1 mile sides dividing townships.

75
Q

Sequent occupance

A

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

76
Q

Sense of place

A

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with certain characteristics.

77
Q

Site

A

The physical characteristics of a place.

78
Q

Situation

A

The location of a place relative to other places.

79
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

80
Q

Space-time compression

A

The notion that communication and transportation improvements have reduced the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant location.

81
Q

Spatial Analysis

A

Examining the locations, attributes, and relationships of features through analytical techniques in order to address a question or gain useful knowledge.

82
Q

Stimulus diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying idea or principle with modification specific to the new location.

83
Q

Toponym (place name)

A

The name given to a place.

84
Q

Township

A

A square with six mile sides as directed in the Land Ordinance of 1785.

85
Q

Transnational corporation

A

A firm with operations in multiple countries, not just where the company headquarters is located.

86
Q

Uneven development

A

The idea that there exists in the world levels of development that are geographically unequal, with core regions creating a larger wealth gap with peripheral regions.

87
Q

Vernacular/perceptual region

A

An area that exists based on perceived cultural interconnetions of a shared history, mutual interests, and common identity.

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

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