Unit 1: Introduction Statistical Biology

Question 1

• A vital language and tool in almost all aspects of our daily life.
• A group of methods used to collect, analyze, present, and interpret data and to make decisions.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Decisions made by using statistical methods.

Answer 2

Educated guesses

Question 3

Decisions made without using statistical or scientific methods.

Answer 3

Pure guesses

Question 4

Deals with the development, derivation, and proof of statistical theorems, formulas, rules, and laws.

Answer 4

Mathematical/Theoretical statistics

Question 5

Involves the application of those theorems, formulas, rules, and laws to solve real-world problems (e.g. economics, psychology, public health).

Answer 5

Applied statistics

Question 6

Consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data by using tables, graphs, and summary measures.

Answer 6

Descriptive statistics

Question 7

Consists of methods that use sample results to help make decisions or predictions about a population from a sample.

Answer 7

Inferential statistics

Question 8

Examples of Descriptive statistic

Answer 8

• Bar charts, pie charts, and line charts.
• Numerical tables.
• Rates.

Question 9

The branch of applied statistics directed toward applications in the health sciences and biology.

Answer 9

Statistical Biology/Biostatistics

Question 10

• A specific subject of object (e.g. a person, a company, a state, or country) about which the information is collected.
• This can also be called an observational unit.

Answer 10

Element or member of a sample or population

Question 11

A characteristic under study that assumes different values of different elements.

Answer 11

Variable

Question 12

The value of a variable for an element.

Answer 12

Observation or Measurement

Question 13

A collection of observations on one or more variables.

Answer 13

Data set

Question 14

Results when a single variable is measured. Example: body temperature of 150 people.

Answer 14

Univariate data

Question 15

Results when two variables are measured. Example: body temperature and age of 150 people.

Answer 15

Bivariate data

Question 16

Results when more than two variables are measured.

Answer 16

Multivariate data

Question 17

The collection of all elements–individuals, items, or objects–whose
characteristics are being studied.

Answer 17

Population

Question 18

The collection of a number of elements selected from a population. It is a subset selected from the target population.

Answer 18

Sample

Question 19

The collection of information that includes every member of the population.

Answer 19

Census

Question 20

The collection of information from the elements of a sample.

Answer 20

Sample survey

Question 21

A numerical measure that summarize data for an entire population.

Answer 21

Parameter

Question 22

A a numerical measure that summarize data from a sample.

Answer 22

Statistcs

Question 23

A method of sampling in which each member of the population has some chance of being selected in the sample.

Answer 23

Random sampling

Question 24

A method of sampling in which some member of the population may not have any chance of being selected in the sample.

Answer 24

Nonrandom sampling

Question 25

The most accessible members of the population are selected to obtain the results quickly.

Answer 25

Convenience sampling

Question 26

The members are selected from the population based on the judgment and prior knowledge of an expert.

Answer 26

Judgement sampling

Question 27

A statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data.

Answer 27

Sampling error

Question 28

Can occur both in a sample survey and in a census. Such errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance.

Answer 28

Non-sampling errors

Question 29

- The error that occurs because the sampling frames is not representative of the population. - When we need to select a sample, we use a list of elements from which we draw a sample, and this list usually does not include many members of the target population.

Answer 29

Selection error

Question 30

- The error that occurs because many of the people included in the sample do not respond to a survey. - The sample are representative of the population, nonresponse error may occur because many of the people included in the sample may not respond to the survey.

Answer 30

Non-response error

Question 31

- Occurs when people included in the survey do not provide correct answers. - This or bias occurs when the answer given by a person included in the survey is not correct.

Answer 31

Response error

Question 32

- The polls conducted based on samples of readers of magazines and newspapers suffer from voluntary response error or bias. - Occurs when a survey is conducted on a randomly selected people but on a questionnaire published in a magazine or newspaper and people are invited to respond to that questionnaire

Answer 32

Voluntary Response Error

Question 33

Used to obtain a random sample that represents the target population.

Answer 33

Random sampling techniques

Question 34

A sampling technique in which any particular sample of a specific sample size has the same chance of being selected as any other sample of the same size.

Answer 34

Simple Random Sampling

Question 35

The number of elements in the sample, denoted by n.

Answer 35

Sample size

Question 36

Denoted by N, is the number of elements in the population.

Answer 36

Population size

Question 37

For example, if we need to select 5 students from a class of 50 (target population), we write each of the 50 names on a separate piece of paper. Then, we place all 50 names in a bowl and mix them thoroughly. Next, we draw 1 name randomly from the bowl. We repeat this experiment four more times. The 5 drawn names make up a simple random sample with a sample size of 5.

Answer 37

Lottery or fishbowl sampling

Question 38

A sampling technique in which the elements of the sample are taken from every kth element in the population arranged alphabetically or by other characteristic. Here, k = 𝑁/𝑛 .

Answer 38

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 39

A sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into smaller groups that are not overlapping and represent the entire population.

Answer 39

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 40

A sampling technique in which the entire population is divided into multiple groups usually by geographical area.

Answer 40

Cluster random sampling

Question 41

May be classified as quantitative or qualitative.

Answer 41

Variable

Question 42

Variables that can be measured numerically. These variables are collected in quantitative data such as income, height, gross sales, price of a home, number of cars owned, and a number of accidents.

Answer 42

Quantitative or Numeric variables

Question 43

A variable whose values are countable with no possible intermediate values between consecutive values.

Answer 43

Discrete variable

Question 44

A variable that can assume any numerical value between two numbers.

Answer 44

Continuous variable

Question 45

A variables that cannot be measured numerically can be divided into different categories.

Answer 45

Qualitative or categorical variables

Question 46

A data collected on different elements at the same point or for the same period of time.

Answer 46

Cross-section data

Question 47

A data collectedonthesameelementof the same variable at different points or for different period of time.

Answer 47

Time-series data

Question 48

A manual computations in statistics involve a lot of adding all values of the variable.

Answer 48

Summation notation.

Question 49

Used to denote the sum of all values.

Answer 49

Uppercase Greek letter Σ (pronounced sigma)