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BIOL 273 Human Physiology 1 > Unit 1 Introduction > Flashcards

Unit 1 Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component part

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2
Q

what are the key concepts that are important to understanding physiology?

A

-structure and function
-biological energy
-information flow
-homeostasis

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3
Q

what are the levels of living organisms

A

-chemical (atoms and molecules)
-cellular (neuron, lymphocyte)
-tissue (collection of cells)
-organ (structural unit made of tissues)
-organ system (integrated group of organs)
-organisms (individual form of life)

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4
Q

how is physiology an integrative science

A

-considers many different levels of organization
-most current research focuses on molecular and cellular level
-how events in single cell influence everything else

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5
Q

how are cells held together

A

-anchoring junctions
-gap junctions
-tight junctions

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6
Q

what are the 4 tissue types

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. neural
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7
Q

what are the 5 types of epithelia

A
  1. exchange (rapid exchange of material)
  2. ciliated (line airways and female reproductive tract)
  3. secretory (synthesize and release products into the external environment/blood)
  4. transporting (selective transport of material)
  5. protective (found on surface of the body)
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8
Q

what does the epithelial do?

A

-protects the internal environment of the organism
-regulates exchange of material between the external environment and internal environment
-consists of one or more layers of cells connected to one another and to a basal lamina (basement membrane)

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9
Q

what does the connective tissue do?

A

-provides structural support and barriers (extensive extracellular matrix)
-the EMC contains proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, and fibronectin

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10
Q

what are the 5 types of connective tissue

A
  1. loose (elastic tissue)
  2. dense (strength is the primary function) (tendons )
  3. adipose (contains adipocytes)
  4. blood (watery matrix lacking insoluble protein fibers)
  5. supporting (dense substances) (bone and cartilage)
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11
Q

what does muscle tissue do?

A

-ability to contract to produce force and movement

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. skeletal (responsible for gross body movement)
  2. smooth (responsible for influencing the movemnt of substances into/out of/ within the body)
  3. cardiac (found only in the heart, contraction moves blood through the body)
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13
Q

what does neural tissue do?

A

-carry information from one part of the body to another
-there is very little EMC in neural tissue

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13
Q

what does neural tissue do?

A

-carry information from one part of the body to another
-there is very little EMC in neural tissue

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of neural tissue

A
  1. neurons (carry information as electrical or chemical signals)
  2. glial cells (supporting cells for neurons)
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15
Q

what are the organ systems in the human body

A
  1. nervous system
  2. musculoskeletal system
  3. circulatory system
  4. respiratory system
  5. immune system
  6. endocrine system
  7. reproductive system
  8. digestive system
  9. urinary system
  10. integumentary system
16
Q

what is function?

A

function of a system is the “why”

17
Q

what is mechanism?

A

process of a system is the “how”

18
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

-the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
-involves a series of automatic control mechanisms
-oscillation around a set point (and a set point can change with time)

19
Q

what is acclimatization?

A

environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change

20
Q

what are the four basic mechanisms of how cells communicate?

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. contact dependant signals
  3. local communication
  4. long distance communication
21
Q

explain gap junctions

A

-direct cell to cell communication
-occurs via protein channels (connexons) between adjacent cells
-found in many cell types

22
Q

explain contact dependant signal

A

-interaction between two membrane molecules on two cells
-found in immune cells and during development

23
Q

explain local communication

A

-communication with neighbouring cells
-via paracrine and autocrine signals
-chemicals secreted by cells which act on neighbouring cells are known as paracrine signals (immediate vicinity)
-autocrines act on the cell that produces the chemical

24
Q

explain long distance communication

A

-responsibility of the nervous and endocrine system
-nervous system uses combinations of chemical and electrical signals (neurohormones, neurotransmitters)
-endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones)

25
Q

why do some cells respond to a chemical signal and others do not?

A
  1. target cells have various receptor proteins
  2. only respond to a chemical signal if they have the appropriate receptor
26
Q

what are receptors?

A

-usually transmembrane proteins
-usually found in plasma membrane but can be intracellular (cytosoloic or nuclear)
-membrane spanning receptors have 3 main domains

27
Q

what are the 3 domains of membrane spanning receptors

A
  1. extracellular domain (involved in binding the ligand (chemical signals)
  2. trans membrane domain (hydrophobic)
  3. intracellular domain (involved in activating the cellular response
28
Q

receptors vs. chemical signals

A

-it is the receptor not just the signal the determines the type of response
-any molecule that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elicit the response
-agonist (mimics primary ligand and activates receptor in the same way (not normal molecule the body produces)
-antagonist (binds to receptor but no longer produces a signal)

29
Q

what are the steps of a responses to chemical signals

A
  1. signalling molecules binds to receptor
  2. activated receptor interacts with molecules inside the cell to start a signal
  3. signal is carried to appropriate place inside the cell (signal transduction)
  4. response occurs
30
Q

what is reflex control

A

-the reaction in one or more organs controlled from elsewhere in the body
-can be any long distance path of the nervous and/or endocrine system

31
Q

what is local control

A

-the effects are exerted on neighbouring cells
-ex. paracrine control of blood vessel diameter in response to low O2

32
Q

homeostatic control systems

A

-stability is result of balance between input and output
-negative feedback returns variable to original condition
-homeostatic systems maintain similarity not constancy
-set points can be reset
-some variables are controlled more closely than others
-most control systems require communication between cells

33
Q

response loops in reflex control

A

-start with a stimulus and results in a response
-feedback pathways control the response loop
-3 types of feedback to regulate response loops

34
Q

what are the 3 types of feedback/control systems to regulate response loops

A
  1. negative feedback
  2. positive feedback
  3. feedforward control
35
Q

explain negative feedback

A

-results in change that opposes or removes the signal thus returning the variable to its original value
-allows for homeostatic control
-keeps system near or at a set point
-oscillation around a set-point
-ex. blood pressure

36
Q

explain positive feedback

A

-response sends a signal that reinforces the stimulus
-sends the variable further from set point until an external signal turns the response off
-ex giving birth

37
Q

explain feedforward control

A

-anticipatory control
-predicts that change is about to happen which starts the response loop and prevents change
-ex. thought of food

38
Q

order of response loop

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensor or receptor
  3. afferent pathway
  4. integrating center (CNS)
  5. efferent pathway
  6. target or effector
  7. response

BIOL 273 Human Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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