Unit 1 Intro To CogSci

Question 1

What is Cognitive Science?

Answer 1

The study of mental processes and behavior

Question 2

Cognitive Science aims to understand

Answer 2

The human mind and its processes

Question 3

In cognitive science, what do researchers primarily focus on?

Answer 3

Mental processes, including perception, memory and problem solving

Question 4

Which discipline within cognitive science explores the brain’s role in cognition?

Answer 4

Neuroscience

Question 5

Linguistics, as a key disciplines in cognitive science, is primarily concerned with:

Answer 5

The study of language and its impact on thought

Question 6

Cognitive psychology, a sub field of psychology, focuses on:

Answer 6

Investigating mental processes such as memory and problem solving

Question 7

Which discipline within cognitive science deals with fundamental questions about the mind and consciousness?

Answer 7

Philosophy

Question 8

What is the primary goal of cognitive science’s interdisciplinary approach?

Answer 8

To explore the interconnectedness of cognitive psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and philosophy

Question 9

In cognitive science, these four key disciplines (psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and philosophy) collectively:

Answer 9

Contribute to a holistic understanding of human cognition

Question 10

What is the main focus of the cognitive psychology approach?

Answer 10

The study of internal mental operations

Question 11

What metaphor is commonly used to describe the mind in cognitive psychology?

Answer 11

Computer

Question 12

In Cognitive Psychology, mental functioning is equated to what two processes?

Answer 12

Representation and computation

Question 13

What is the primary domain of study in the Linguistic Approach?

Answer 13

Language

Question 14

What do linguists hypothesize about regarding human language?

Answer 14

The human capacity for language and its implications for the nature of the human brain

Question 15

What does the neuroscience approach attempt to explain?

Answer 15

Cognitive processes in terms of underlying brain mechanisms

Question 16

What do neuroscientists study in relation to behavior observed in people?

Answer 16

The structures and functions of the human brain

Question 17

What is the goal of the Artificial Intelligence Approach?

Answer 17

To build devices that mimic complex thought processes

Question 18

What do computer scientists in Artificial Intelligence aim to achieve?

Answer 18

Model human capacities to design machines that perform task requiring human intelligence

Question 19

What are the two types of reasoning discussed in the philosophy Approach?

Answer 19

Deductive and inductive reasoning

Question 20

What does deductive reasoning involve?

Answer 20

The application of rules of logic to statements about the world

Question 21

What does inductive reasoning involve?

Answer 21

Drawing conclusions based on commonalities observed in specific instances

Question 22

What key issues does the philosophical approach address?

Answer 22

The nature of knowing (epistemology), the mind-body distinction, and the mind-brain distinction

Question 23

What does the anthropological approach study?

Answer 23

The relation between human culture and human thought

Question 24

In the Anthropological Approach, what is emphasized about thought processes?

Answer 24

The need to view operations of the mind in specific physical and social environments

Question 25

What aspect of thinking does the Anthropological Approach explore across cultures?

Answer 25

Possible difference in modes of thinking

Question 26

What is the Learning Science Approach education?

Answer 26

Application of finding in Cognitive Science in Education/Training

Question 27

Who are the Greek philosophers associated with the study of the mind?

Answer 27

Plato and Aristotle

Question 28

According to Plato, what is the source of virtue?

Answer 28

Innate

Question 29

What did Aristotle believe was the source of knowledge?

Answer 29

Experience/senses

Question 30

Who is known for the development of experimental psychology and laboratory methods?

Answer 30

Willhelm Wundt

Question 31

What method involves looking inside one's own experience?

Answer 31

Introspection

Question 32

What does behaviorism deny?

Answer 32

The existence of the mind

Question 33

Who is associated with classical conditioning in behaviourism?

Answer 33

Ivan Pavlov

Question 34

What is the formula for learning in classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

Answer 34

Stimulus... Response = Learning (Involuntary)

Question 35

Who developed the concept of operant conditioning?

Answer 35

B. F. Skinner

Question 36

How is behavior modified in operant conditioning?

Answer 36

As a result of its consequences (reward/punishment)

Question 37

What is the capacity of short-term memory limited to, according to cognitive science?

Answer 37

7 ± 2 items

Question 38

Who proposed that language ability involves mental grammar and is used creativity?

Answer 38

Noam Chomsky

Question 39

Who questioned the variability in people's ability to memorize?

Answer 39

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 40

What did Gall claim about the connection between bodily structure and human ability?

Answer 40

There exists a connection between ability to memorize and bodily structure

Question 41

What was one of Gall's conclusions regarding the brain?

Answer 41

The brain is the sole organ of the mind

Question 42

What controversial issue arises from Gall's conclusions about human traits?

Answer 42

The nature-nurture question

Question 43

What does phrenology propose regarding faculties of the mind?

Answer 43

It lists specific faculties of the mind to predict abilities and personality traits by measuring "bumps on their skull"

Question 44

What is the Principles of Equipotentiality?

Answer 44

The brain is sufficiently plastic, such that when one region is surgically removed or damaged, another region takes over its function

Question 45

What does the Principle of Mass Action state?

Answer 45

The cerebral cortex acts as one—as a whole—in many types of learning

Question 46

Who is known for evidence from neurosurgery regarding brain functions?

Answer 46

Wilder Penfield