Unit 1 Ideas From SAP Flashcards
What is Anthropology?
The study of human kind throughout time
What is the definition of DEVIANCE?
Going against social and societal Norms
What do sociologists study?
They study the way an individual impacts the group and how the group impacts the individual
What is the definition of conformity?
Acting like people around you
Following the norms of the society
Why is conformity important and what are some examples?
Conformity allows everyone to be treated equally theoretically. An example is all people act the same and the law keeps us safe. It limits creative mindsets
What is Role Conflict?
When you are pulled in 2 different ways by the roles you occupy in your life
What is an institution?
Organization or establishment in society
What is the definition of Hierarchy
A hierarchy is a ranking system. Most times connected to power or preference
What is a role
A position in society
What is functionalism?
A structure that makes up a society and their roles to maintain stability
Who is Emile Durkheim and what did he study
He is a sociologist that studied society on a large scale
What was the key concept of Emile Durkheim’s study
Society is viewed as a system heading toward equilibrium
What is the definition of Equilibrium?
A state where opposing forces or influences are balanced
How does equilibrium provide balance
It contributes to the overall stability of a society
What are the structures of society?
Social facts
Manifest vs latent
Functionalism and social change
Adapting to change
What is manifest functions and examples
Recognized and intended consequences of institutions. Schools educate students
What is Latent functions and examples?
Unrecognized and unintended consequences. An example - Social connects formed in school
What is physical anthropology?
Physical anthropology is the study of evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability, and variation. It studies humans and the great apes family.
What is the purpose of Functionalism and Social change?
Population growth and specialization and adapting to change
What is symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is connecting human thought to society. The idea that all things have a meaning to humans and that meaning helps us to interpret our world
What is cultural anthropology?
Cultural anthropology is the study of cultures, ethnocentrism, communication, survival, and economic patterns.
What is archaeology?
the study of early history of cultures, as well as finding, excavating, dating and analysis findings.
What is Linguistic Anthropology?
The study of languages and their role in community, national, and cross-cultural interactions
What is DNA and Forensic Testing?
Biological aspects of humans
Ethnology
Comparing history to present culture
What statistics might anthropologists collect?
Demographics (population density, immigration, voting, etc.)
Field Interviews
Individual experiences with someone else to collect information
Participation-observation
Becoming part of a social group to gain understanding
Ethnography
Descriptions of customs and practices of a group of people
What did Dian Fossey do?
Lived among gorillas to study them in order to understand human behaviour and development
What is the individuals interactions and interpretations?
Society is a collection of individuals and to understand it we must understand how individuals think
What is Herbert Blumer’s 3 Tenets
Coined the term “symbolic interactionism” and outlined its 3 main tenets. We act based on the meanings we assign to things
What is Critiques of symbolic interactionism?
Some argues it is supplemental rather than a full theory
What is the importance of symbolic interactionism
Offers unique perspectives on how society is shaped by individuals. It helps explain how social aspects can change through these interactions
What is the feminist theory?
Patterns of social inequality are based on gender. Its institutions and systems are sexist and therefore dysfunctional.
Why was the feminist theory created?
It emerged to understand and challenge the barriers women face in society
What are core principles of the feminist theory
Gender as a social construct, society shapes gender roles and expectations
What is intersectionality?
Examine how race, class, sexuality, and disabilities intersect with gender
What is Patriarchy
Analyzes power dynamics where men hold authority, leading to gender-based hierarchies
What are legal advancements
What did Jane Goodall do?
Lived with and studied chimps. She learned that chimpanzee culture is similar to humans
What is diffusion? (Factors leading to social change)
The spread of cultural traits through contact. When one culture comes in contact with another and belief systems are adapted.
What is acculturation? (Factors leading to social change)
Contact, exposure, and exchange of ideas cause cultural changes for both groups.
What is direct change? (Factors leading to social change)
When one culture forces another to change.
What are the typical questions in Functionalism?
What purpose to institutions serve in society?
How does the institution contribute to social stability?
What is the central approach to Functionalism?
To understand cultures, the function of institutions must be known. All cultures are set up to deal with the same problems and every custom serves a purpose. Culture functions in the best interest of the majority.
What are the limitations of Functionalism?
Assumes stability in society and downplays negative results of institutions.
What are the typical questions in Structuralism?
What are the principles governing how the mind works?
How are those principles reflected in human cultures?
What is the central approach to structuralism?
Cultures develop complex rules that are logical structures, based on opposites. To understand a culture, these rules must be explained.
What are the limitations of structuralism?
Structuralism assumes stability and overemphasizes logic.
What are the typical questions asked in cultural materialism?
How do population and economic factors influence culture?
What laws of development apply to all cultures?
What is the central approach to cultural materialism?
To understand culture, you must examine member’s reproduction and economic productions. Cultural change occurs in a framework fuelled by money. Physical materials, conditions, and economic activity of an environment determine how culture develops.
What are the limitations of cultural materialism?
Broad laws in the theory do not allow for cultural differences and biased perspectives want everything to fit a model (Not all countries are driven by money, but the school of thought says they are)
What to psychologists study?
Factors that influence individual behaviour
What are legal advancements
Legal advancements influence women’s suffuse and equal pay logistically
How does challanging stereotypes help
It advocates for diversity representation of women in media and education
How does the feminist theory help women
It helps identify and challenge gender based inequalities as per imbalanced
Encourages understanding of gender intersects with other social categories
Promotes more justice and equality for a society and not for just one group of individuals
What is the Neo Marxism Conflict theory
It studies inequalities among different groups
Based on the idea of KARL MARX from the 19th century
Believed society evolves through stages
What is class structure and conflict and who are the bourgeoisie and proletarian?
The bourgeoisie is the upper class in the 19th century in Europe while the proletarian were the working class
What is Economic Dependance
It is the mutual dependance between factory owners and workers, however, the power dynamic favours the owners
What is class consciousness?
It is the awareness of ones place in a system of social classes, espically as it related to the class struggle
What if the MARX?
It os proposed societal structures (thesis) would inevitably lead to opposition (anti thesis) resulting in conflict
What are limitations of conflict theory
Conflict theory is effectively
Explains drastic societal changes
But it does not adequately account of societal stablility
What is inclusionism?
A perspective attempting to encompass all of humanity
What are different ways people can be excluded from mainstream society?
Enthiciety and race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, age, family status/ personal wealth
What are some key ideas for sociology?
Who is socially included/excluded and why
Diversity must be recognized and understood, emphasis on minority perspectives
It understand asocial group, we can’t focus on the overarching religion and focus of one group
What is the conscious mind?
Active and awake mind, decisions are thought about and made.
What is the unconscious mind?
Dormant or latent mind, influences behaviours while awake, and works through data/experiences while asleep.
What is the Id?
Part of the mind that seeks to meet basic physical needs and desires
What is the Super Ego?
Part of the mind that seeks to meet our most ideal standards
What is the Ego?
Part of the mind that acts as the balance between the Id and Super Ego
Neurotic
State of mental disorder, usually the result of an unresolved conflict or issue from earlier in life.
What is a stimulus?
Event that stimulates senses and the response that follows.
What are the typical questions asked in psychoanalytic theory?
How does the unconscious mind impact our behaviour?
How can we understand and unlock the unconscious mind?
What is the central approach to Psychoanalytic theory?
Unlocking the unconscious mind through dream analysis, hypnosis, making connections between life and manifestations of the unconscious mind. Understanding the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind to change behaviours and motivations.
What are the limitations of Psychoanalytic theory?
The theory was not scientifically researched, so it is a collection of ideas without proof.
Who is a theorist in the psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
What are the typical questions in Learning Theory?
How do humans learn behaviour?
What helps people learn?
Why do people in the same environment learn in different ways?
What is the central approach to learning theory?
Controlling the ways humans learn allows us to influence behaviour and personality.
What are the limitations of Learning Theory?
The factors that lead to learning have not been fully established yet, so researchers are unsure if there are only a few keys to learning or many, so more research is needed.
Who are some theorists in learning theory?
Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura
What did Ivan Pavlov do?
Used classical conditioning to condition a dog to salivate at the ring of a bell.
What did B.F. Skinner do?
Used operant conditioning and learned that you could motivate and change behaviour through reward or punishment (Created the Skinner Box)
What did Albert Bandura do?
Conducted the Bobo experiment. Theorized that behaviour is learned through observation.
What are the typical questions in behaviourism?
How can animal experiments help explain human behaviour?
Do children respond to strict or flexible rules?
What is the central approach to Behaviourism?
If motivations for behaviours can be identified, then behaviour itself can be controlled or corrected.
What are the limitations of behaviourism?
Looks at people as tabula rasa and ignores heredity and models do not apply to all people because they are different.
What did John B. Watson do?
Conducted the Little Albert experiment to show that emotional responses could be classically conditioned in humans and that behaviour can be modified.
