unit 1 - human lifespan development Flashcards
summary
You will be introduced to the biological, psychological and sociological theories associated with human lifespan development.
You will explore the PIES development across someone’s lifespan. Examining the factors that affect growth and development
such as the environment or genetic inheritance and consider the positive and negative influences on development
growth
an increase in some measured
quantity e.g. height or weight
development
complex changes such as
Piaget (logic and reasoning) – stages of
an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities
infancy (0-2)
development of gross and
fine motor skills. Milestones are: sitting,
standing, cruising, walking.
early childhood (3-8)
further develops
motor skills, e.g. gross (running, hopping,
skipping) and fine (turning pages, joined
up writing)
adolescent (9-18)
primary and
secondary sexual characteristics. Role of
hormones in sexual maturity.
early adulthood (19-45)
physical
maturity. Pregnancy and lactation occur.
Perimenopause.
middle adulthood (46-65)
female enters
menopause. Effects of ageing
later adulthood (65+)
health and
intellectual abilities can deteriorate
infancy and early childhood
rapid
growth in intellectual and language skills.
Piaget (logic and reasoning)
stages of
an increase in skills, abilities and
Development is a result of environmental factors –
cognitive development, schemas, test of
capabilities.
Bandura’s social learning theory.
conservation, egocentrism.
chomsky
language acquisition device (LAD)
early adulthood
thinking becomes
realistic and pragmatic, with expert
knowledge about practical aspects of life
that permits judgement about important
matters.
later adulthood
memory loss
Infancy and early childhood
attachment to care-giver.
theories
bowbly (1958) and ainsworth (1978)
- Self-concept
- Self-esteem
- Self-image
- Knowledge of who we are.
– how confident a person feels about themselves
– how you see yourself
Nature/Nurture Debate
Development is a result of genetic or inherited factors -
Gesell’s maturation theory
Development is a result of environmental factors
cognitive development, schemas, test of
capabilities.
Bandura’s social learning theory.
Both factors play a part
stress-diathesis model
Genetic predispositions to particular conditions
eg. - cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), Huntington’s
disease etc.
Biological factors
foetal alcohol syndrome, maternal
infections, lifestyle/diet during pregnancy, congenital
defects.
Air pollution
respiratory disorders, cardiovascular
problems, allergies
Poor housing conditions
respiratory disorders,
cardiovascular problems, hypothermia, anxiety and
depression.
Access to health and social care services
availability
of transport, opening hours of services, ability to
understand the needs and requirements of particular
services
Predictable
expected to happen at a particular time.
Unpredictable
not expected to happen, can have serious effects. E.g. imprisonment, divorce
Family dysfunction
parental divorce or
separation, sibling rivalry, parenting style.
Bullying
effects of bullying on self-esteem,
self-harm, suicide
Effects of culture, religion and belief
belief may prevent medical intervention, dietary
restrictions.
Income and expenditure
eg. lack of income = lack of affordable resources
Employment status
jobs depending on
demand, availability etc. Has an impact on
someone’s wellbeing
Education
poorer children are disadvantages
compared to their wealthier peers
Lifestyle
choices made on how we spend our
time can significantly impact someone’s life.
E.g. smoking can lead to health conditions,
financial difficulty etc
Stages of play
solo, parallel, simple cooperative, complex co-operative.
Importance of friendships – social benefits. Effects of peer pressure
Development of relationships with others
Development of independence -peer influence in adolescence, starting employment,
leaving home, starting a family
Cardiovascular disease
Older people
suffer narrowing of the arteries and other blood vessels due to fats such as cholesterol sticking to the walls of the arteries. This can lead high blood pressure, stokes and heart attacks.
Degeneration of nervous tissue
Impulses become slower and
age-related changes in function
become more noticeable
Osteoarthritis
degenerative disease –
result of wear and tear on the joints.
Degeneration of sense organs
sensory awareness decreases as a part
of natural ageing
Degeneration of sense organs
sensory awareness decreases as a part
of natural ageing
Reduced absorption of nutrients
due
to restricted physical activity and
natural ageing, the body’s ability to
absorb and gain nutrients is reduced
therefore older people need nutrient
and vitamin rich diets
Dementia (Alzheimer’s disease,
Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Vasculardementia)
Dementia is an umbrella
term for conditions affecting a person’s
normal brain function, making every
day tasks such as communication more
difficult.
Effects of illnesses that are common in
ageing
the impact of illness on a
person can be significant. It can lead to depression, social isolation, lose of mobility, insomnia etc
Psychological changes of ageing
- effects on confidence and self esteem
- effects on social change
- role change
- loss of partner
- loss of friends
- increase in leisure time
- financial concern
- effects of culture, religion and belifs
(social disengagement theory (cumming and henry 1961) - activity theory (havinghurst, 1960s)
Societal effects of an ageing
population
• Health and social care provision
for the aged
• Needs assessment
• Winter assistance
• Meals on Wheels
• Day centers
• Residential services
• Sheltered housing
• Home care
• Tele care
• Economic effects of an ageing
population
• Strain on NHS and Health and
Social Care Services
piaget (logical and reasoning) - stages of cognitive development, schemas, test of conservation, egocentrism
the idea that children construct their own understanding of the world throught their interaction with it
children’s thinking develops from one stage to the next and that their behaviours change
piaget (logical and reasoning) - stages of cognitive development, schemas, test of conservation, egocentrism
the idea that children construct their own understanding of the world throught their interaction with it
children’s thinking develops from one stage to the next and that their behaviours change
Chomsky – Language acquisition device (LAD)
Children are born with the ability to learn any human
language.
Attachment Theories – Bowlby
(1958) and Ainsworth (1978)
attachment to a care giver is an
important part of social, emotional
and cognitive development from
birth.
Holmes-Rahe social readjustment
rating scale
looked at 43 different
life-events and gave each a score. For each individual they looked at
their life events over the last 2 years and added the scores up. The higher the total score the higher the risk of a stress related illness
Social disengagement theory
(Cumming and Henry, 1961)
Overtime elderly people withdraw
and disengage from social roles.
Activity theory (Havighurst, 1960s)
when older people remain socially
active the ageing process is delayed,
and quality of life maintained.
Nature Vs Nurture theories.
Gesell’s maturation theory
development is determined mostly by
internal factors controlled by the
genes (Nature)
Bandura’s social learning theory
People learn through observation,
imitating and modelling other’s
behaviour (Nurture)
Stress-diathesis model
Link between
a predisposition (nature) and life
experiences (Nurture) combined
