Unit 1: Human Lifespan And Development

Question 1

What does Growth mean?

Answer 1

Physical changes that occur in the body

Question 2

What does Development mean?

Answer 2

Intellectual, Emotional, and Social changes that happen in the body

Question 3

What does Physical Development mean?

Answer 3

The physical changes that occur to us throughout our life e.g. gross motor skills and fine motor skills

Question 4

What does Intellectual Development mean?

Answer 4

The intellectual changes that occur to us throughout our life e.g. learning to talk

Question 5

What does Emotional Development mean?

Answer 5

The emotional changes that occur to us throughout our life e.g. puberty, and expected and unexpected life events

Question 6

What does Social Development mean?

Answer 6

The social changes that occur to us throughout our life e.g. bullying and starting school

Question 7

What does Gross Motor skills mean?

Answer 7

The big muscle movements in the body e.g. walking and crawling

Question 8

What does Fine Motor skills means?

Answer 8

The small muscle movements in the body e.g. writing and pinching

Question 9

What does Milestones mean?

Answer 9

A stage in development and growth that are specific to your age

Question 10

What are Lifestages?

Answer 10

Ages that are classified into stages. There are 6 in total: infancy (0-2), Early Childhood (3-8), Adolescence (9-18), Early Adulthood (19-45), Middle Adulthood (46-65), and Later Adulthood (66+)

Question 11

What are Primary Sexual Characteristics?

Answer 11

The sexual characteristics that happen during puberty, they effect the reproductive organs only.

Question 12

What are Secondary Sexual Characteristics?

Answer 12

The sexual characteristics that happen during puberty, they effect the rest of the body only.

Question 13

What does Menopause mean?

Answer 13

The stopping of your period

Question 14

What does Peri-menopause mean?

Answer 14

The slowing down and stopping of your period

Question 15

What was Piaget’s Conservation Theory?

Answer 15

The Theory of conservation.

Piaget stated that children below the age of 8 don’t understand conservation. He proved this in 3 experiments:
The 5 coin experiments. 2 rows of 5 coins are placed together, one row is placed further apart than the other. Children under 8 would say the longer row would have more money.

The playdoh experiment. 2 balls of playdoh is shown to the child. One is then squished. Children under 8 would say the squished one has more playdoh.

The water experiment. There are 2 thin glass with the same amount of water in it, one is poured in a fatter glass. Children under 8 would say the thinner glass has more water.

Question 16

What was Piaget’s Schematic Theory?

Answer 16

Schematic Development Theory. A Schema is like a mind map of certain information in your brain.

It includes 4 stages!
Assimilation: Taking in new information
Equilibrium: Maintaining a balance between applying previous knowledge to the new knowledge
Disequilibrium: New information disturbs a original schema
Accommodation: Modifying a existing schema as a result of new information

Question 17

What was Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 17

Piaget believed that there were four stages of intellectual development which mature or ‘unfold’ during the early stages of the lifespan.

This includes!
Sensorimotor: birth - two years. Learns the world via senses, lacks internal mental schemas, can’t remember anything before 18 months

Pre-operational: three years - seven years. Dominated by sensory information, can’t carry out logical operations, learn through pretend play

Concrete Operations: eight years - eleven years. Practical resources help understand world, less egocentric, struggle with abstract forms

Formal Operations: twelve years - eighteen years. Capacity for abstract thoughts, ideas are reasoned with consequences in mind, think about hypothetical problems

Question 18

What is Abstract Logical Thinking?

Answer 18

The ability to problem solve using the imagination without having to use practical skills.

Question 19

What is Concrete Logical Thinking?

Answer 19

The ability to solve problems, providing they see or physically handle the issues involved

Question 20

What is Egocentric Thinking?

Answer 20

Not being able to see a situation from another point of view. Piaget believed that children thought other children thought, felt, and heard the same as others

Question 21

What is the experiment for Egocentrism thinking?

Answer 21

The three mountain experiment.

There is a scene set out of three mountains with trees and animals around it. A child and a adult sit on opposite sides of the table and describe what they can see. They then swap places, and describe what they can see.

The child is then asked what the adult can see and they are unable to.

Question 22

Who is Chomsky?

Answer 22

Chomsky is a cognitive scientist who

Question 23

What did Chomsky look into?

Answer 23

He developed the theory of Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which outlines the principle of language into a child’s brain. He also says this language is inbuilt for us to learn.

He says that there primary care givers can also lead to them making mistakes as these mistakes can only be learnt passively.

Question 24

Who is John Bowlby?

Answer 24

He is notable for his interests in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory

Question 25

What did Bowlby say about Disturbed Children?

Answer 25

Bowlby said attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects the child to there primary care giver.

Disturbed children then don’t have this bond. In 1930s, Bowlby looked at emotionally disturbed children through the relationship they had with there mother.

Question 26

What did Bowlby say about Attachment?

Answer 26

He said that infants form attachments because we are biologically programmed to do so. Thus, babies have a attachment gene.

This gene causes her to display social releasers which increase there chance of getting care, infants seek close proximity especially when under stress or threat, and separation at an early age from the primary care givers

Question 27

Critics of Bowlby

Answer 27

Rutter:
~> He says Bowlby oversimplified this theory, and that maternal deprivation may not lead to long term issues. Thus privation is more damaging.

Schaffer and Emerson:
~> they suggested that babies are likely to form sound attachments to care givers who respond effectively to there signals. This is not the person they spend the most time with though. Therefore, playing and communication are the most important factor in attachment

Question 28

What are the three stages of play?

Answer 28

Solitary Play: infant splay independently
Parallel Play: infants play beside each other but don’t communicate
Co-operative Play: infants play together in the same game

Question 29

What did Ainsworth Say?

Answer 29

Ainsworth looked into the key attachment behaviours in strangers and carers attachment. It also assessed the quality of the baby’s attachment. It does this through looking at:
~> Proximity
~> Explorations
~> Stranger Anxiety
~> Separation Anxiety
~> Response to Reunion

Question 30

What are the Stages in Ainsworth Experiment?

Answer 30

~> The Baby (B) enters with a Carer (C) and B is encouraged to play
~> A Stranger (S) comes in, and talks to C and approachs the B
~> The C leaves, the B and S are left together
~> The C returns and the S leaves
~> The C leaves
~> The S returns
~> The C returns

Question 31

What did Ainsworth find?

Answer 31

~> Type A, Insecure-Avoidant Attachment, 20-25

~> Type B, Secure Attachment, 60-75
~> Type C, Insecure-Resistant Attachment, 3