Unit 1: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment Flashcards
What is Freud’s Psychosexual Developmental Theory?
Freud’s theory posits that personality develops through childhood stages centered on erogenous areas, driven by psychosexual energy.
What are the three parts of Freud’s personality theory?
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What does the Id represent in Freud’s theory?
The Id operates at the unconscious level, representing basic impulses, seeking immediate gratification, and is irrational and impulsive.
What is the role of the Ego in Freud’s personality structure?
The Ego functions at the conscious level, mediating between the Id’s impulses and the Superego’s inhibitions, testing reality and rational.
What does the Superego encompass?
The Superego represents preconscious ideas and morals, striving for perfection, and incorporates values from parents, serving as a person’s conscience.
Define Ego-Syntonic behaviors.
Behaviors that are in sync with the ego and do not induce guilt.
Define Ego-Dystonic behaviors.
Behaviors that are out of sync with the ego and induce guilt.
How many stages are there in Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development?
There are five stages.
List the five psychosexual stages according to Freud.
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
What is the focus of the oral stage in Freud’s theory?
The primary source of interaction is through the mouth, essential for eating and oral stimulation.
What age range does the oral stage cover?
Birth to 1 year.
What is the primary focus of the mouth in infancy?
Eating and oral stimulation through sucking and tasting
Infants derive pleasure from oral activities.
What is the age range for the anal stage in Freud’s theory?
1 to 3 years
This stage involves controlling bladder and bowel movements.
What conflict arises during the anal stage?
Toilet training
Successful transition requires learning bowel control.
What can excessive pressure to toilet train lead to in a child?
Proactivity toward order and cleanliness
This can influence personality traits later in life.
What can too little pressure from parents during toilet training result in?
Rigidity and disordered behavior
Insufficient guidance may affect future behavior.
What is the age range for the phallic stage in Freud’s theory?
3 to 6 years
This stage involves awareness of sexual orientation and gender identity.
What is the Oedipus complex?
Boy’s desire for mother and hostility for father
This occurs during the phallic stage.
What is the Oedipus complex?
Occurs in the phallic stage; boy’s desire for mother and hostility for father
When a boy sees a naked girl for the first time, he believes her penis has been cut off and thinks dad will do the same (castration complex)
What does the Electra complex describe?
The female version of the Oedipus complex; a girl becomes subconsciously sexually attached to her father and hostile toward her mother
This typically occurs in girls between 3 and 6 years old.
What is the latency stage in human development?
Children’s sexual feelings are dormant; they develop values, social skills, and relationships with peers and adults outside the nuclear family
This stage lasts from age 6 to puberty.
What characterizes the genital stage of human development?
Onset of puberty causes the libido to become active again; individuals develop sexual interests in others
Successful resolution leads to the ability to form intimate relationships.
According to Piaget’s theory, how many stages of cognitive development are there?
Four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, and cognitive
Each stage represents a different way children learn and understand the world.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
The first stage of development lasting from birth to 2 years; learning occurs primarily through sensory input and action
Key achievements include object permanence.
What is object permanence?
The recognition that an object continues to exist even when it is not seen or heard
This concept is a key achievement in the sensorimotor stage.
What is object permanence?
When the child recognizes that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen or heard.
An example is the game Peek-a-Boo, where a child understands that a person under a blanket still exists.
What is causality in child development?
When a child recognizes that a specific event can cause other events.
For example, a child realizes they can kick a ball to move it.
Define symbolic thought.
The ability to use abstract concepts such as gestures, numbers, and words to represent reality.
Children pretend with dirt as if making food and use words to identify objects.
What is the age range for the preoperational stage?
2 to 7 years.
What is a crucial aspect of the preoperational stage?
The ability of the child to learn through mental images, language, and other symbols that represent things that are not there.
What type of play do children engage in during the preoperational stage?
Symbolic play.
What is the age range for the concrete operational stage?
7 to 11 years.
What characterizes the concrete operational stage?
The child’s ability to perform mental operations using logic and abstract thinking.
What abilities do children develop during the concrete operational stage?
They are able to classify and problem-solve in more sophisticated ways.
What is the formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory?
The stage (11+ years) where adolescents can think hypothetically, abstractly, and realistically.
Define ‘schema’ in the context of cognitive development.
A cognitive framework that aids people in organizing and interpreting information.
What is assimilation?
The process of incorporating new information into an existing schema.
Provide an example of assimilation.
A child sees a new dog and identifies it as a dog due to their existing schema.
What is accommodation?
The changing or modifying of an existing schema after receiving new information.
Provide an example of accommodation.
A child learns that not all four-legged creatures are dogs, leading to a new schema for cats.
What does equilibration entail?
The assimilation of knowledge to fit with current mental schemas and accommodation of information.
Fill in the blank: A cognitive framework that helps in organizing and interpreting information is called a _______.
[schema]
True or False: Equilibration only involves the process of accommodation.
False
What is the first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Infancy (Birth - 1 year)
This stage involves the basic conflict of trust vs. mistrust.
What is the basic conflict in the Early Childhood stage?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
This stage lasts from 1.5 to 3 years.
What important event is associated with the Preschool stage?
Initiative vs. Guilt
This stage occurs from 3 to 5 years.
What is the primary conflict during the School Age stage?
Industry vs. Inferiority
This stage lasts from 6 to 12 years.
What stage involves the conflict of Identity vs. Role Confusion?
Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
This stage is crucial for developing a sense of self.
Fill in the blank: The stage of Young Adulthood involves the conflict of _______.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
What is the basic conflict for Middle Adulthood?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
This stage lasts from 40 to 65 years.
What is the outcome of successfully resolving the conflict in Infancy?
A sense of trust
This is developed when caregivers provide nurturing care.
What important event is associated with the Young Adulthood stage?
Forming intimate, loving relationships
Success leads to strong relationships.
What happens if a child fails in the School Age stage?
Feelings of inferiority
Success leads to a sense of competence.
True or False: Success in the Adolescence stage leads to a strong sense of self.
True
What is the primary task of the Middle Adulthood stage?
Contribute positively to society
Success leads to feelings of accomplishment.
What is the outcome of failing in the Young Adulthood stage?
Loneliness and isolation
Fill in the blank: The conflict in the Elderly stage is related to _______.
Integrity vs. Despair
