UNIT 1: HOW DO CELLS FUNCTION Flashcards
Abiotic
Abiotic are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphere.
Biotic
Relating to or resulting from living organisms.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, and generates most of the chemical energy
Ribosomes
Synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed into RNA into amino acids
Golgi Apparatus
In which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations; lysosomes, cell membrane, or to be secreted
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting
Cytoplasm
Responsible for holding the components of the cell and protect them from damage
Chloroplasts
Produces energy through photosynthesis and oxygen releases processes
Vacuole
Generally small and helps secrete waste products
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Produce proteins for the rest of the cells to function
Nucleus
Stores the genetic information of the cell, and acts as the cell’s control centre
Vesicle
Helps transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle waste materials
Lysosomes
Digestive system of the cell
Meiosis (sexual reproduction)
A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. The purpose of meiosis is to create gametes for sexual production with half the genetic material of the parent cells.
Mitosis: PMAT (asexual reproduction)
A cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parents. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
The eukaryotic cell cycle occurs in three stages.
- Interphase: Cellular growth and duplication of chromosomes.
- Mitosis: Separation of sister chromatids and the formation of new nuclei.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells
Prophase
Chromosomes condense (short and thick) and become visible, centrioles (synthesised in interphase) moves to opposite ends of the pole.
- Spindle fibres begin to form
- Nuclear membrane begin to break
Prometaphase
- Nuclear membrane is gone
- Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes and relax/contract to move chromosomes
Metaphase
M checkpoint ensures the chromosomes are arranged correctly
Anaphase
The spindle fibres contrast pulling the chromatids to the pores of the cell
Cytokinesis
The outcome of mitosis is two genetically identical daughter cells
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, it is highly controlled process that ensures cell waste is carefully managed.
- Protection: Cancerous cells or virtually infected cells
- Development (our human shape): Organ shaping and neuron pruning/decluttering for our brain
- Balance (in our body)
- Maintenance of homeostasis: Cells that need to go are removed
Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA:V)
It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume.
1. We want the highest surface area to volume ratio
2. Cells are small so they don’t die
Passive Transport
Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy, instead it relies on heart, work, temperature and energy to move substances across the cell membrane
- Doesn’t require energy
- Requires heat, work, temperature and energy to move through the plasma membrane
Simple Diffusion
Small polar molecules and soluble molecules move across phospholipids to enter or exit the cell. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.
- Moves small polar molecules and soluble molecules across
Osmosis
The passive transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from a low solute concentration to high, requires no energy.
- Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane
- Low solute concentration to high solute concentration
- No energy, no protein channel
Facilitied Diffusion
The movement of small molecules (like water) through a protein channel, moves from high concentration to low, moves down the concentration gradient
- Movement of large polar molecules
- Dedicated protein channel
- High to low
- Moves down the concentration gradient
Active Transport
The transport of substances that use ATP energy to get through the plasma, it moves large molecules like glucose
- Molecules are moved against their concentration gradient via carrier protein
- Uses ATP (Adenine Triphosphate)
Protein Pump
Protein pumps are transmembrane proteins (firmly inserted in the bilayer) that actively moves ions against the gradient of concentration across membranes.
- They use power from ATP to move ions up
Bulk Transport
Is not taking ATP directly, it takes energy from adding or removing molecules
- Active transport for big things or large volumes of stuff eg. protein
Endocytosis
A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular materials through an inward folding of its plasma membrane
Exocytosis
(opposite of endocytosis): Release of substances out a cell by a vesicle
- Exiting the cell through bulk transport
Cell division
The division of a cell resulting in two daughter cells with the same genetic material. Cell division happens on two broad mechanisms:
- Prokaryotes undergo binary fission (cell replication)
- Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis or meiosis.
