Unit 1 - Henry VII Flashcards
1.1
How did Henry VII become king?
By winning the Battle of Bosworth (1485)
1.1
When was the Battle of Bosworth?
August 22nd 1485
1.1
Give two reaons why Henry VIIs claim to the throne was weak?
- He won the throne through violent means
- He was illegitimate (a bastard child)
1.1
Where had Henry VII lived in exile from the age of fourteen?
Brittany
1.1
What was Henry VIIs primary aim at the start of his reign?
To consolidate his power with a male heir
1.1
How did Henry VII reward his key supporters?
Titles and Patronage (knighthoods)
1.1
Name the to key appointments Henry VII made at the begginging of his reign
- Sir Reginald Bray: appointed to manage the king’s finances
- Sir William Stanley: appointed Lord Chamberlain
1.1
When was Henry VIIs coronation and why is this date significant?
30th October 1485: The coronation happened a week before Parliment was to meet and discuss having Henry as king, but his reign had already began
1.1
What acts were passed to force Yorkists to give their property to the crown?2
Acts of Attainder - laws passed by the monarch and Parliament that declared individuals guilty of treason or rebellion without a trial.
1.1
How did Acts of Attainder work?
- Loss of Property and Titles: Those affected by an Act of Attainder lost their land, titles, and any rights to inherit property. Their estates were seized by the crown.
- Punishment without Trial: The accused were often denied a trial, and the act was passed based on political reasons, typically to punish opponents or potential threats to the throne.
- Restoration Possibility: In some cases, an attainted individual could have their status restored through royal pardon or by demonstrating loyalty to the king, often through service or loyalty.
1.1
What did Henry VII have parliment grant him for life?
Tonnage and Poundage (gave him £30K-£40K /year)
1.1
Lovell and Stafford Rebellion:
- Date: Easter, 1486
- Leaders: Viscount Lovell and the Stafford brothers (Thomas and Humphrey).
- Cause: Attempt to overthrow Henry VII and restore the Yorkist claim to the throne.
- Outcome: The rebellion failed. Lovell escaped, but the Stafford brothers were captured. Thomas Stafford was executed, and Humphrey was pardoned.
- Significance: The rebellion showed the continuing Yorkist threat to Henry VII’s rule, but it was easily crushed, strengthening his position.
1.1
Lambert and Simnel Rebellion:
- Date: 1487
- Leaders: Lambert Simnel claimed to be the Earl of Warwick and was supported by rebels such as John de la Pole (Yorkist heir).
- Cause: The rebellion aimed to challenge Henry VII’s reign, with Simnel presented as a false claimant to the throne.
- Outcome: Henry VII defeated the rebels at the Battle of Stoke (1487). Simnel was captured and pardoned, and de la Pole fled.
- Significance: Marked the end of major Yorkist rebellions and solidified Henry VII’s control over the throne.
1.1
Who was Perkin Warbeck?
- Claim to the Throne: A pretender who claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger son of Edward IV, believed to have been murdered in the Tower of London.
- Rebellions: Warbeck attempted to overthrow Henry VII, gaining support from foreign powers like France, Scotland, and the Holy Roman Empire.
- Capture and Execution: After several failed attempts, he was captured in 1497, eventually confessing and executed in 1499.
- Significance: Warbeck’s rebellion highlighted ongoing Yorkist threats to Henry VII’s rule, but his capture further solidified the Tudor dynasty.
1.1
Name four countries who hosted Perkin Warbeck
Ireland, Burgundy, France, Scotland
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The Yorkshire Rebellion:
- Date: 1489
- Cause: Triggered by the unpopular taxation for Henry VII’s campaign in France, which angered the northern counties, including Yorkshire.
- Outcome: The rebellion was crushed by royal forces, and leaders, including Northumberland, were killed.
- Significance: The rebellion showed dissatisfaction with Henry VII’s policies but also reinforced his control after the rebels’ defeat.
1.1
The Cornish Rebellion:
Date: 1497
Cause: Triggered by heavy taxes imposed by Henry VII to fund a campaign against Scotland. The Cornish people, who felt unfairly targeted, rose up in protest.
Leaders: The rebellion was led by Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank.
Outcome: The rebels marched to London but were defeated at the Battle of Blackheath. Key leaders were executed.
Significance: The rebellion highlighted regional discontent with Henry VII’s taxes and policies but was quickly suppressed, reinforcing his authority.
1.1
Who were Edmund and Richard De la Pole?
Yorkist claimists to the throne
1.1
Why were Edmund and Richard De la Pole a different threat to the other challenges to Henry VIIs crown?
They were abroad, which fuelled Henry’s paranoia (out of sight but not out of mind)
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Who did Henry VII marry and when did he marry her?
Elizabeth of York, 1846
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When was Henry VIIs first son born and what was he called?
Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486)
1.2
What was the point of Henry VIIs Council?
- Advice: Provided the king with guidance on legal, financial, and political matters.
- Administration: Managed day-to-day governance and ensured the enforcement of royal policies across England.
- Law and Order: Acted as a judicial body, particularly through specialized committees like the Council Learned in the Law to handle financial disputes and legal cases.
- Royal Authority: Helped centralize power, reduce the influence of nobles, and maintain Henry VII’s control over the kingdom.
1.2
What was the Council Learned and why was it so important?
- Purpose: Managed royal finances, focusing on bonds and recognizances to ensure loyalty.
- Importance: Boosted royal income, controlled the nobility, and strengthened Henry VII’s authority.
- Unpopularity: Harsh methods under Empson and Dudley caused widespread resentment.
1.2
Explain why the Privy Chamber was developed by Henry VII?
- Security: After facing threats and betrayals, Henry VII created the Privy Chamber to limit access to the monarch and enhance his personal security.
- Control: It reduced the influence of the nobility and traditional court factions by allowing the king to manage his affairs directly with trusted servants.
- Financial Oversight: The Privy Chamber managed the king’s personal finances, ensuring tighter control over royal income and expenditure.
1.2
What were the two main parts of Henry VIIs court?
Household Chamber:
* Managed by the Lord Chamberlain.
* Responsible for organizing court ceremonies, entertainment, and the king’s public life.
* A place where nobles and courtiers could seek royal favor.
Privy Chamber:
* Established by Henry VII for greater security and privacy.
* Staffed by the king’s most trusted servants.
* Managed personal finances and allowed the king to conduct confidential affairs away from court politics.
1.2
What were two main functions of Henry VIIs parliment?
- Legislation: Passed laws to support the king’s policies, including those strengthening royal authority and maintaining law and order.
- Taxation: Approved extraordinary taxes for Henry’s military campaigns and other financial needs.
1.2
Give three examples of what Henry VII gained from parliment.
- Financial Support: Approval for extraordinary taxes, such as funding for campaigns against France and Scotland.
- Legislation for Control: Acts of Attainder to punish and seize the lands of disloyal nobles, strengthening the crown’s authority.
- Trade and Economic Laws: Statutes like the Navigation Acts to promote English trade and reduce dependence on foreign merchants.
1.2
Why was justice and the maintenance of peace so important to Henry VII?
- Secure the Throne: Prevent rebellions and challenges to his weak claim.
- Control Nobility: Curb feuds and assert royal authority.
- Economic Stability: Peace fostered trade and tax revenues.
- Public Support: Fair justice gained loyalty from common people.
1.2
Who were Justices of the Peace and what did they do?
- Who They Were: Local landowners appointed by the king to maintain law and order in their counties.
- What They Did: Enforced laws and royal decrees, managed local administration (including tax collection and overseeing alehouses), presided over court sessions to hear minor legal cases and arrested and punished those who disrupted public order.
