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Cfe Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1 Glossary > Flashcards

Unit 1 Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Actin

A

Globular protein which forms microfilaments. Associated with myosin for cell movement

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2
Q

Affinity

A

The degree to which a substance tends to combine with another

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3
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Enzymes which change conformation in response to a modulator

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4
Q

Alpha helix

A

Polypeptide chain coiled into a helix with hydrogen bonding occurring to maintain the arrangement

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5
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Removal of non-coding introns from a primary mRNA transcript to leave only the coding exons. Several mature transcripts can be produced from a single primary transcript

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6
Q

Antibody

A

Y-shaped globular protein with specificity to an antigen

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death in response to damage to DNA etc

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8
Q

Aquaporin

A

Integral channel forming proteins within the membrane which selectively allow movement of water molecules across a membrane

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9
Q

Aquaporin 2 (AQP2)

A

Channel protein found in the collecting ducts of the kidneys. They are triggered to move to the cell surface by ADH and allow increased re absorption of water into the bloodstream

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10
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

Procedures in place to prevent contamination including sterilisation of equipment and work surfaces

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11
Q

Bacteriorhodopdin

A

Light absorbing molecule found in archae. It pumps protons across the membrane creating a proton gradient which can then be used to generate ATP

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12
Q

Beta sheets

A

Polypeptide chain arranged in rows with the chain coiling in parallel or anti-parallel arrangements

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13
Q

Buffer

A

Used to set and maintain a particular pH

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14
Q

Caspase cascade

A

Caspase proteins are involved in a series of reactions (a cascade) which destroy a cell

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15
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

Checkpoints which assess the readiness of a cell to enter the next stage of the cell cycle. They occur during G1, G2 and Metaphase

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16
Q

Centrifuge

A

Apparatus which spins very quickly to seperate materials due to their density - heavier componets move to the bottom (pellet). Liquid is called supernatant

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17
Q

Centrosome (MTOC)

A

Microtuble organising centre. Found near the

nucleus. Microtubules radiate from the centrosome. They form the spindle fibres so are active during cell division.

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18
Q

Chromatography

A

Has a stationary phase (e.g. paper or gel) which the mobile phase (e.g. a solvent) moves through carrying the substance being examined - different distances moved by substances of different solubility

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19
Q

Cooperativity

A

Proteins composed of several polypeptides (subunits) can show cooperativity. Changes in binding to one subunit give the other subunits a greater affinity for the molecule e.g. binding of oxygen to one haemoglobin subunit gives the other subunits a greater affinity for oxygen

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20
Q

Complex media

A

A nutrient rich growth medium providing all the basic requirements for cell growth e.g. amino acids, glucose, salts, water etc - also have specific growth factors required for animal cell lines

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21
Q

Cyclin

A

Proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) enzymes

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22
Q

Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

When activated by cyclin, CDKs cause the phosphorylation of proteins which stimulate the cell cycle

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, which supports their shape and function

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24
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Failure to produce insulin

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25
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Loss of function of insulin receptors on cell surface

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26
Q

G-protein

A

Also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior

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27
Q

Gated channels

A

Channel forming proteins controlled by signalling molecules or ion concentration

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28
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Used to separate samples of nucleic acid and protein by size - introduced to a gel, they move though it due to an electric current - smaller fragments move further than larger fragments

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29
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or orgnism

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30
Q

GLUT4

A

The insulin-regulated glucose transporter. Insulin triggers the movement of GLUT4 transporters to the membrane surface, increasing uptake of glucose to be converted to glycogen

31
Q

Haemocytometer

A

Used to estimate total number of cells withing a sample, originally used to count number of blood cells

32
Q

Hazard

A

Anything that poses a potential risk or threat to an individual or the environment

33
Q

Hydrophilic

A

From the Greek meaning water loving. Having a strong affinity for water

34
Q

Hydrophilic signals

A

Signalling molecules which are not able to pass through the membrane and must have receptor molecules on the cell surface. The signal is transduced across the membrane

35
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Literally means ‘water-fearing’. The tendency of non-polar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and exclude water molecules i.e. seemingly repelled from an aqueous environment

36
Q

Hydrophobic signals

A

Signalling molecules which can diffuse through membranes so their receptor molecules can be within the nucleus

37
Q

Immunoassay

A

Uses antibodies linked with receptor enzymes to cause a colour change in the presence of a specific antigen

38
Q

Induced fit

A

Model to describe the action of enzymes for example. When the substrate binds to the enzymes active site there is a temporary conformational change to the enzyme which increases binding and interaction with the substrate, lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

39
Q

Inoculum

A

The staring material used to grow a culture from e.g. bacterial culture

40
Q

Interphase

A

The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time. In preparation for cellular division, it increases in size and DNA replication occurs in preparatiion for the M phase

41
Q

G1 phase

A

Initial growth phase of the cell including production of more cell organelles

42
Q

S phase

A

Cell growth continues and replication of chromosomes occurs

43
Q

G2 phase

A

Assessment of DNA replication and final preparations for mitosis

44
Q

Kinase

A

Catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule (usually ATP) to an acceptor

45
Q

Ligand

A

A substance which can bind to a protein e.g. hormones. The protein has a shape complemntary to the ligand to allow binding to occur

46
Q

M phase

A

Division of the nucleus and division of the cell itself

47
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus to form 2 new nuclei, each with a full complement of chromosomes

48
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells

49
Q

Microtubule

A

Composed of hollow straight rods made of globular proteins called tubulins govern the location and movement of membrane-bound organelles and other cell components

50
Q

Modulators

A

These bind to a secondary site on an enzyme to alter its conformation. They can be positive modulators to activate the enzyme or negative modulators to deactivate it

51
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies produced from hybridomas which are all identical and specific to a particular antigen

52
Q

Myosin

A

Motor protein which move along actin filaments to bring about movements in a cell

53
Q

Na/KATPase

A

The enzyme which acts as the Sodium Potassium pump which per cycle removes 3 Sodium ions from the cell and take 2 Potassium ions into the cell

54
Q

p53 protein

A

Protein which can activate a caspase cascade

55
Q

Phosphatase

A

An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate

56
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule

57
Q

Post translational modification

A

Addition of different chemical groups to or modification of a protein to allow a particular function

58
Q

Protein confromation

A

Structural arrangement of the polypeptide chains within a protein which can be altered due to several factors

59
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence in which the amino acids are found within a protein

60
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding occurring within a polypeptide forming alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

61
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Bonding of many types occurring within a polypeptide forming alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

62
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The arrangement of multiple folded polypeptides connected together

63
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome (larger than a genome due to PTM and Alt RNA Splicing)

64
Q

R groups

A

Amino acids have the same basic structure with a variable R-group providing the ability of the amino acids to have different bonding occurring between them

65
Q

Resting potential

A

The neuron maintains a difference in ion concentration between the inside and outside of the cell, high levels in the cytoplasm - this can be measured and is known as the resting potential

66
Q

Retinal

A

Light sensitive molecule within the eye which binds to membrane proteins called opsin to from the eyes photoreceptors

67
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

A tumour suppressor that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. One function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth y inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. When phosphorylated, it allows DNA replication in the S phase

68
Q

Signal transduction

A

Conversion of extracellular signals to an intracellular response in a cell

69
Q

Symport

A

An integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two substances across membrane in the same direction

70
Q

Synapse

A

Structure which allows a neurone to passa signal to another neurone or another cell

71
Q

Thykaloid membrane

A

Membrane forming the Grana. Light energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments causes the flow of hydrogen across the thykaloid membrane. Diffusion of the hydrogen back across the membrane drives ATP synthase and generates ATP

72
Q

Transcription factor

A

A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)

73
Q

Transmembrane

A

Proteins which span a membrane and ac as channels or transporters of ions

Cfe Advanced Higher Biology (4 decks)

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