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Bio 5C > Unit 1 - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary Biology

A

The scientific study of the
evolutionary processes that produced the
diversity of life on Earth.

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2
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the interactions
between organisms and the living and nonliving
components of their environment

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

An explanation, based on
observations and assumptions, that leads to a
testable prediction.

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4
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific test, carried out under
controlled conditions.

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5
Q

Which laws govern Mendelian inheritance?

A

Probability

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6
Q

Evolutionary Synthesis

A

What is Mendel’s model of inheritance combined with
Darwin’s theory of natural selection called?

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7
Q

Inheritance

A

How traits are passed from
parents to offspring

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8
Q

What is the blending model?

A

The idea that genetic material from two parents blends together. Leads to the loss of variation.

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9
Q

What is the particulate model of inheritance?

A

The idea that parents pass
on discrete heritable
units.

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10
Q

What is special about true breeding plants?

A

When self-pollinated, they produce offspring that all have identical traits.

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11
Q

What are genes?

A

Discrete heritable units on chromosomes.

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12
Q

Why did Mendel use peas?

A

Mating could be controlled, plants could be allowed to self-pollinate or could be cross-pollinated, short generation time, large numbers of offspring, many varieties

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13
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alternative versions of
genes that account for variation
in inherited characters.

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14
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of an organism.

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15
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical appearance of an organism.

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16
Q

What is being diploid?

A

Having two copies of each chromosome.

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17
Q

What is the difference between heterozygote and homozygote?

A

Heterozygote - Organism has two alleles that are the different.
Homozygote - Organism has two alleles that are the same.

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18
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis.

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19
Q

What is a monohybrid?

A

It means that the offspring is heterozygous for one character.

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20
Q

What was Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation.

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21
Q

A pea plant is heterozygous at the independent loci for flower color (Pp) and seed color (Yy). How many unique genotypes can it produce?

A

Four: pY, Py, py, PY

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22
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character.

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23
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed.

24
Q

What is a multi-character cross?

A

Two or more independent monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously.

25
Q

When does complete dominance occur?

A

When phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.

26
Q

When does incomplete dominance occur?

A

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is
somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties.

27
Q

When does co-dominance occur?

A

Two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

28
Q

What is the Tay-Sachs disease?

A

It is caused by a single gene that has two alleles.

29
Q

What is the dominance relationship between the three main alleles for blood type?

A

IA and IB are codominant and are dominant to i

29
Q

What is a pleiotropy?

A

Genes that have multiple phenotypic effects.

30
Q

What happens in epistasis?

A

One gene affects the phenotype of another due to interaction of their gene products.

31
Q

What happens in polygenic inheritance?

A

Multiple genes independently affect a single trait.

32
Q

What is an example of epistasis?

A

In Labradors one gene determines the pigment color, while the other determines whether the pigment will be deposited in the hair.

33
Q

What is a qualitative character?

A

A character that has a few discrete types.

34
Q

What is a quantitative character?

A

A character that varies in the population along a continuum.

35
Q

What is an example of polygenic inheritance?

A

Height

36
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

The ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment.

37
Q

What is a multifactorial trait?

A

A trait that depends on multiple genes combined with environmental influences.

38
Q

What is an example of a multifactorial trait?

A

Human skin color

39
Q

What is a carrier?

A

An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder.

40
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family tree that describes the inheritance of a trait across generations.

41
Q

What is association study?

A

It is data to correlate genotypes and phenotypes across many individuals.

42
Q

What are non-coding elements?

A

Sequences and regions in
the genome that do not code for protein or RNA.

43
Q

What is a mutation?

A

It is a change in DNA sequence relative to some standard or previously existing sequence. Mutations are always random.

44
Q

What is a mutant?

A

It is an individual whose genome contains a mutation at some location of interest.

45
Q

What is phenotypic variation?

A

It is variation in phenotypes among a group of organisms.

46
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

It is variation in mutations and/or alleles among members of a group of
organisms.

47
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

They are mutations that occur in the
body tissues of an organism. They’re not transmitted to the next generation.

48
Q

What are germline mutations?

A

They are mutations that occur in the
gametes and are transmitted to offspring.

49
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

It is a substance or environmental factor that increases the rate at which mutations occur (causes mutations).

50
Q

What are error correction mechanisms?

A

They are cellular/molecular mechanisms that correct most
errors in DNA replication/meiosis.

51
Q

What is non-disjunctions?

A

When chromosomes fail to
correctly separate during meiosis.

52
Q

What are deleterious mutations?

A

Mutations that cause a decrease in an organisms fitness.

53
Q

What are beneficial mutations?

A

Mutations that cause an increase in an organisms fitness.

54
Q

What are neutral mutations?

A

Mutations that cause no change in an organisms fitness.

Bio 5C (4 decks)

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