Unit 1: French Rev Flashcards
1
Q
Individual identity:
A
Who I am, what I do, and how I do it
- the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life
2
Q
geographic nationhood:
A
a shared geography can lead to a connection
- ex. Alberta and its mountains
3
Q
Subsistence society in early modern Europe:
A
- regular people in society were consistently on the edge of starvation
- between taxes, family commitments, and the requirement to pay the church, many people were always close to death
- virtually no support existed
4
Q
Clergy:
A
member of the Catholic Church
* - first estate
5
Q
National Assembly:
A
- created by the Third Estate
- acted as a body that would represent the needs of
the French people
6
Q
national vs ethnic identity:
A
- national identity is the identity tied to a nation usually associated with the political structures and citizenship
- ethnic identity is tied to an individuals or groups ancestry, culture, and heritage
7
Q
Crisis Five in France(Industrial Revolution in Britain):
A
Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Huge change in manufacturing and development
- Rise of the middle class(bourgeoisie)
- Old social order no longer reflected society
- England - a traditional enemy of France - becoming
increasingly powerful and rich
8
Q
The palace of Versailles:
A
-Took decades to build and cost a LOT of money
- King Louis XIV moved his family and important nobles to the palac
- Nobles all had their meals with the king and watched him go to bed and wake up
- Versailles is isolated from what is happening in France which symbolizes the level of disconnect between the estates
9
Q
The three estates:
A
- The social system that dominated French society
- Everyone was assigned an estate
- You were placed in the estate when you were orn and it was VERY difficult to move out of it
- Also called the Ancien Regime
- 3 types/sections
10
Q
tithe:
A
tax payed to the church
- 10% of a persons income
11
Q
Revolutionary wars:
A
- a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting
from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792
until 1802 - In April 1792, the French government declared war
on Austria - War went badly for France
- Former officers who were officers before the
revolution had fled and the new volunteer soldiers
were enthusiastic by had no experience in war - The economic situation grew worse
- not all harvest could be collected as men were
at war
- rising food prices in France
- more hunger among the population - Economic hardship led to discontent and unrest
- Many people blamed Louis and his ministers and
suspected that Louid wanted France to lose the
wars so that the monarchy could be restored
12
Q
Political causes of the French Revolution:
A
Absolute monarchy:
- King Louis XVI had absolute power and
was seen as an ineffective ruler
- His inability to solve France’s political and
financial crises undermined public
confidence in the monarchy
The Three Estates:
- created a deep sense of inequality Enlightenment:
- promoted new and different ideas
(sovereignty, individual rights, and equality)
13
Q
ethnic vs civic nationhood:
A
Ethnic:
- Pre-existing characteristics or traditions lead to a shared sense of nation.
- People may then create a nation-state if they choose to live together with others who share their sense of nation
Civic:
- A group of people choose to live together in a nation-state according to shared values and beliefs, often expressed in a constitution
14
Q
Types of nationhood(8):
A
- linguistic
- ethnic
- cultural
- religious
- geographic
- Relationship to the land
- spiritual
- political
15
Q
A negative example of an ethnic nation:
A
- South Africa
- until 1994, the country was a highly ethnic state focused on apartheid
- the entire nation was centred around who was white and who wasn’t
16
Q
How did the estate general fail after all the Crisis in France?
A
- Negotiations of the estates lasted for six weeks
and nothing changed - finally, the third estate walked away from
negotiations and they were determined to create a
brand new government called the National
Assembly - out of anger for their actions, King Louis XVI locked
them out of the building
17
Q
Third Estate:
A
- Everyone else
- included everyone from the wealthiest business men to the poorest peasants
- majority of the people were very poor
- They were the ones who had to pay all of the taxes
- Eventually categorized into deserving and undeserving poor
- Made up 97% of the population**
18
Q
The women’s march on Versailles:
A
Resulted in the King and Queen moving back to Paris due to the crowd of women
19
Q
Second Estate:
A
- Made up of Noble people(NOT THE KING)
- Made up of those who were born into nobility and those who received noble status from the King
- Received many benefits like no taxes
- Also call Artisocracy
- Made up 2% of the population**
20
Q
Napoleon:
A
- military leader who is winning many battles
against European powers - Consolidates power, and with the military,
assumes control of France - Declares himself Emperor - France is back to a
monarchy, people just wanted stability - Continues to fight Europe and grows a French
Empire - Despite being an Emperor, Napolean builds a
large, modern, nation-state - created the first modern public education system
which was massively important for Nationalism
through the need to teach kids to love their nation - protected religious minorities
- enshrined equality before the law
- is directly correlated with the creation of Germany
and Italy
21
Q
summary of Anderson:
A
- nationalism is the strongest feeling over any kind
of unity - nation is a social construct fueled by past events
- A nation is an imagined political community
- nationalism goes hand in hand with racism which
can lead to violence - the role of the print media in nationalism
22
Q
civic nation:
A
a nation created by people who agree to live according to values and beliefs expressed as the rule of law regardless of their ethnicity, culture, and language
- people agree to abide by shared laws
- mutual respect for laws enables people to live together peacefully
- ex Canada
23
Q
aristocracy:
A
aka Second Estate
24
Q
what was France turned into by the Committee of Public Safety?
A
dictatorship
25
Maximilien Robespierre:
- 1789-92 elected to estates general, national
assembly, and national convention.
- speaks out against slavery and the death penalty
- Becomes leading Jacbins member
- In July 1793, he was elected to the Committee of
Public Safety
- In December 1793, he suddenly came out to
support the Terror after years of resisting
members of the committee who wanted to
intensify it
- between 1793 and 1794 he had many people
executed
- In July if 1794 he is denounced and arrested by the
convention and is put up to the guillotine
- was a leader of the French Revolution best known for leading the Reign of Terror.
26
Role of the Church in early modern Europe:
- everyone was religious (it was an expectation)
- the church told people how to act, behave, and what to do
- the church told people what to be afraid of
- the church told people what was right vs wrong
- big emphasis of faith over rationality
27
Nation-state:
means a country that has physical borders and a central government
- a nation-state is a political entity with sovereignty where a nation is the basis for state governance.
28
How did the witch hunts affect nation-building?
- formalization of government and judicial system as well as the decline of the power of the church occured
- those all 3 things are arguably required for a modern nation-state
- After the witch hunt there was a desire to limit the power of the monarch whom supported the witch hunt
- The final European witch hunt was in 1782 and the first "modern" nation-state was created
29
National myths:
- shared stories, ideas, and beliefs that may or may not be true
- They help to bond us and make us feel connected
- They create a sense of nationhood, and they are powerful tools to make us feel connected
- They transform and change over time to fit a narrative
30
ethnic nation:
- ethnic nations can be created due to all sharing the same or similar ethnicity
- like the Kurds who are seen as a distinctive community from all other nations, despite not having a common language
- many Kurds have called for an independent
ethnic nation to more accurately represent
their collective values and goals
31
national identity:
The identity you receive from being a member of a nation- tied with symbols, individuals, and myths
32
French revolution:
The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical political and social change in France that ended the monarchy, overthrew the Ancien Régime, and led to the establishment of the First French Republic.
33
The estates general:
- similar to a parliament
- only called when the King wanted to
- included representatives from all three estates,
but the Third Estate had twice as many delegates
- Each estate had to vote as a bloc, and each estate
only got one vote (one estate, one vote)
- this meant the First and Second Estates could
and would outvote the third, two-to-one
34
religious nationhood:
you may prescribe to a certain religion and can feel connected to anyone who follows that religion around the world.
- Other nations, such as Spain or Iraq have state religions.
35
Crisis Three in France(Famine/Poverty):
Famine and Poverty
- The 1780s saw MANY famines due to bad crops,
resulting in extreme poverty and starvation with
over 40 000 children abandoned
- French textile workers were being outproduced by
English ones
- Riots and mobs were frequent with many of them
being forcibly gunned down, causing the King's
popularity to plummet
36
summary of Gellner:
- nationalism is political in nature
- Political boundaries can violate nationalism by:
1. Excluding members of the nation.
2. Including foreigners.
3. Dividing a nation across multiple states.
- Ethnic boundaries should NOT cross political ones
- Nationalism can be violent, especially if rulers are
NOT from the area
- political and national units should be congruent
37
Britain vs France:
- Britain had a parliament, Frand did not
- France was deeply religious (Devine Rights theory)
38
what kind of government was in France after the Reign of Terror?
Directory
39
directory government:
- five directors who would carry out the laws after
the Reign of Terror
- had serious crises and problems to deal with(no
money, weak military, no food, plotting from
royalists)
- things were getting worse for the directory
40
What estate was King Louis XIV a part of?
None. He was above all.
41
Nation:
many different meanings depending on the context
- always involves a sense of belonging to a certain group/nation
- can include a shared sense of language, beliefs, religion, traditions, cultures, customs
- nation focuses on shared identity and culture
42
civic nationalism:
civic nationalism is more focused on shared political values and principles
43
The reign of King Louis XIV- WAR:
- King Louis made France very powerful
- He won wars against Spain and the Dutch but this used up France's money
- France was feared and hated by other nations and did not have many allies
- Was able to expand trade to NA colonies and to Asia
44
diaspore:
the spread of a people from their original homeland
- typically refers to people who cannot return to their homeland
45
The storming of the Bastille:
- On July 14th, 1789, mobs stormed the Bastille
looking to free the political prisoners
- In the end, there were only 7 people inside - and
none were political prisoners
- This was DEEPLY symbolic - the Bastille was the
symbol of the King's power, and the people had
crushed it
- symbolized how the monarch abused their power
- arguably the most symbolic part of the revolution
- marked the start of the revolution in a way
46
patriotism:
- closely related to nationalism
- patriotism is the love, support, and defence of one's country (national loyalty)
- more of a national loyalty INSTEAD of devotion
47
What happened during the 17th century in Europe:
The Thirty Years War had finished
- as a result, millions are dead and towns were destroyed
- people began to question if a monarch should rule or not
- calonialism made Brittain and France both wealthy countries
48
economic causes of the French Revolution:
Financial crisis and debt:
- France’s financial system was in shambles due to years of overspending, particularly from wars
Tax Burden:
- the third estate experienced high taxes while the nobles and clergy were exempt
Poor harvests:
- In the late 1780s, France experienced a series of bad harvests, leading to widespread food shortages and rising bread prices
- people grew hungrier
Economic Inequality:
- The rich nobility and clergy had access to wealth and resources, while the common people struggled to meet basic needs
49
country vs nation similarities and differences:
Similarities:
- Both refer to groups of people
- both are tied to a sense of identity
- both involve territory most of the time
Differences:
- a country has its national government while a nation has its own national character.
- a country is a political entity with defined borders, a government, and sovereignty. It can include many different ethnic groups and cultures within it
- a nation is a group of people with shared cultural, linguistic, or ethnic ties.
50
Issue with Ethnic Nations:
- many ethnic nations are not compromised of actual nation-states and are referred to as diaspore
- they can be dangerous
- what if someone who is not part of the
ethnicity tries to join the nation?
- what if two ethnicities claim the same area or
landmass?
51
Rumours of King Louis XVI:
- Rumours were spreading that Louis was going to
use the military to crush the new government
which scared people
- More rumours said Louis kept all of his most
dangerous political prisoners in the Bastille prison
52
Middle ground between an ethnic and civic nation:
- Like Japan
- Japan is a very ethnically homogenous society with 98% being ethnically Japanese
- They also have a constitution that promises equal rights and shared laws to everyone
53
Vagabonds:
Poor people who were apart of the Third Estate
54
The Verdict of the Trial of the King:
- The convention reached the verdict that Louis was
guilty
- The verdict was reached through a vote where all
693 deputies agreed that the King was guilty
- The majority of the deputies voted that the King
should be executed
55
summary on orwells perspective/thoughts:
- nationalism involves power and
prestige(competition)
- belief in YOUR country over any others (Germany
in WWII)
- Nationalism: Power-seeking, identifies with a
group to advance its prestige.
- Patriotism: Defensive, devotion to a specific place
or way of life without imposing it on others.
- Nationalism is about power, competition, and
identity, often tempered by self-deception and the
belief in being right
56
Trial of Citizen Louis Capet (King Louis XVI):
- the King faced a total of 33 charges
- put on trial in December 1792
- The king was allowed lawyers but no witnesses
- National Convention heard the case by 749
deputies
57
King Louis XVI(16):
- became King at age 20 in 1774
- Inherits a kingdom that is burdened by debt
- The previous King (King Louis XV) was deeply
unpopular which caused him to be very concerned
about being liked
- Seen as indecisive and conservative(slow and
resisted to change)
- was disliked
- Continued to be an absolute monarch who was
accountable to nobody
- He was the last King of France
58
Witch hunts:
- swept across Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries
- people who were accused were thought to have made a pact with the devil
- typically occured after a tragedy, small or large
-majority of people who were accused were single, elderly, and poor women
- highly formalized procedure
59
The Bourgeoisie:
-New social group, meaning middle class
- They were the ones who were educated, rich, and dabbled in the enlightenment because they had the time
- They were the ones to begin to critique the system and question the entire structure of government
- They were members of the Third Estate
60
The Reign of King Louis XIV - ECONOMICS:
The population of France declined as the King kicked out all protestants
- they took all their money and skills with them
- War is expensive so is colonialism
- All the Kings extravagancies were starting to build up and money was running out
- King Louis XIV was getting nervous but then he died so he didnt have to deal with the problems he is facing
- Basically France is running out of money
61
cultural nationhood:
those who share the same culture or shared history can feel a sense of nationhood
- ex. Many African Americans united and still unite on their shared cultural history
62
apartheid:
the separation of white and black people
63
Ancien Regime:
aka the Three estates
- the social system that dominated French society
64
Committee of Public Safety:
- twelve members
- aimed at allowing the revolutions to survive during
a crisis
- Was set up by the Convention in response to
threats to the stability of France
- said that it should talk in secret, be responsible for
watching over the work of the government,
authorized to take measures to defend the
revolution against enemies
- controlled by Jacobins
65
The church and the monarch in early Modern Europe:
- hand in hand
- many nations had firm beliefs in the Divine Rights Theory
- what the Chruch said was law
66
collective identity:
Feelings of belonging because of groups you are a member of
67
What were the 5 crises in France during King Louis XVI's time?
A new Queen, money, famine and poverty, new technology, industrial revolution in Britain
68
How was King Louis XVI overthrown?
- my mid 1792, there was major unrest in France
- By august National GAurds from all over France
joined the Paris mob and stormed the King's
palace
- called him 'Louis the Last'
- Nobody wanted him anymore
- He was taken prisoner on September 21 1792 and
France was declared a REPUBLIC
- this caused the revolution to enter its most violent
phase
69
who used the revolutionary tribunal?
committee of public safety
70
Crisis two in France(Money):
Money
- For many years, France was spending more money
then it could collect from taxes
- There were huge debts from fighting in the Seven
Year war and the American Revolution
71
absolutism:
- King has divine right to the throne
- absolute sovereignty through the monarch
72
relationship to the land nationhood:
The ways in which people connect to the land can lead to belongingness
- ex. indigenous peoples
73
Sovereignty vs self-determination similarities and differences:
SIMILARITIES:
- political autonomy
- focus on independence
- international law
DIFFERENCES:
- self-determination is the right of a people or nation to freely choose their political status or determine their form of government
- sovereignty refers to the political authority of a state over its territory, population, and affairs without interference from other nation-states
- self-determination applies more to peoples or nations whereas sovereignty applies to states and the authority to rule itself
74
What did the new French government consist of?
- Many people had ideas on how to fix France, it was
split between three groups (Girondists, Jacobins,
Sans-Culottes)
- By 1791, the radicals (Jacobins) took over
- The Jacobins(radicals) want to advance the
revolution by any means necessary
- Girondists wanted the King while the Jacobins did
not(wanted him dead)
75
Societal causes of the French Revolution:
Widespread discontent and unrest:
- growing unrest among many people of lower class
Inequality:
- Noble privileges and clergy exemptions from taxes
angered the common people
Enlightenment influence:
- ideas inspired people to seek more
76
ethnic nationhood:
some nations can be created due to all sharing the same or similar ethnicity
- also called ethnic nations
- can be very dangerous
-ex. norway or japan
77
What did King Louis XVI do in response to all the crisis in France?
- He tried to imprison or kill his opponents but it did
not work so in 1789, he called upon the Estates
General
- Hadn't been called since 1614 (nearly 200 years)
78
The first estate:
- Made up of the clergy
- needed to have money, education, and connections to become a member
- could demand a tax called a tithe
- Clergy was tax exempt
- Makes up 1% of the population**
79
self-determination:
the power to control one's affairs, but works within a nation-state existing framework
- groups or peoples having the right to decide their political future
80
summary on ignatieff:
- Three levels of nationalism
1. Political: Nations have the right to self-
determination
2. Cultural: The nation is a source of belonging
3. Moral: Nationalism justifies the use of violence
to defend the nation’s self-determination.
- Nationalism is often about violence: Nationalism
justifies force or violence when self-determination
is threatened or denied
- 2 Types of nationalism:
1. Civic: Inclusive, based on political creed
2. ethnic: Exclusive, based on shared ethnicity,
language, and culture.
- Ethnic is easier to implement compared to civic nationalism, as power is defined by who is excluded.
81
patriotism vs nationalism similarities and differences:
SIMILARITIES:
- love for your country
- create a sense of belonging
DIFFERENCES:
- patriotism is a love, support and pride for ones country
- nationalism is the extreme devotion to your country and belief that it is above all other
- nationalism is a step above patriotism
- patriotism is a nation loyalty INSTEAD of a devotion
82
civic nationhood:
a political identity built around shared citizenship within the state
83
nation vs nation-state:
SIMILARITIES:
- Share a sense of identity whether through culture, language, or history
- territory
- group cohesion
DIFFERENCES:
- A nation refers to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics
- A nation-state is a specific political entity where a nation governs a defined territory with sovereignty
- A nation is focused on cultural characteristics and social identity whereas a nation-state has both cultural and political
- A nation may not always have defined borders whereas a nation-state always does
84
societal expectations of men in early modern Europe:
- considered the "master of the house"
- get married and have children
- go to church
- work to provide for your family
- make all the decisions for your home and family
85
Societal expectations in Early Modern Europe:
- strict and based on gender
- if you did not follow or went away from expectations you were seen as an outcast
86
Jacobins:
radicals, who want change fast and will do crazy things to get there
- referred to as the mountains
- took over in 1791
-part of the new French government
87
Collective Consciousness:
- An awareness that people are connected through
a shared memory, myth, or symbols
- In France, while they may all be in different jobs,
the unifying part is they are all French and make
up the French Nation
- Essentially the people are the nation
- This is the BASIS of modern nationalism and the
modern nation-state
88
geographic causes of the French Revolution:
Regional Disparities:
- France was large and separated
- Rural areas were taxed more than urban
- This divide between the countryside and urban centers contributed to tensions.
89
The reign of King Louis XIV - ARTS:
- French arts and culture exploded at this time
- He commissioned the Louvre(his old house)
- King Louis established the rules of Ballet
- Commissioned paintings of high ranking nobles
90
King Louis trying to escape France:
- Louis and his wife attempted to escape to Austria with disguises and fake passports in the middle of the night
- He hoped to rally and get the support of Austria and return with an army to get back the monarch
- Their plan was filled with problems which caused them to get caught
- the queen insisted that the whole family travel
together which meant a larger and slower
coach
- their bodyguards were easily recognizable by
their uniforms
- there were six people instead of five listed on
the passport
- Louis was recognized by his face on a coin
91
summary on Hastings:
- Extensive use of literature or stories is a key factor in nationhood development
- nationalism is split between theory and practice
- nationalism rises out of a threat
92
civic government:
refers to a government by citizens
93
Girondists:
Moderates, who want change but not by doing crazy things (King should still live)
-part of the new French government
94
Third estate poverty:
- was technically illegal to be poor
- Punishment was harsh for those who got arrested for being poor
- Beggars were required to have permits
- The first estate saw poor people as lazy
95
spiritual nationhood:
spiritual nationhood is achieved with wherever you feel most "home" or participating in events that make you feel connected to others
96
nationalism vs, internationalism similarities and differences:
SIMILARITIES:
- emphasize group identity and solidarity
- promote a sense of unity
- inspired political movements and social changes
- advancement of the nation
DIFFERENCES:
- nationalism focuses on the interest, identity, and sovereignty of a single nation or group
- internationalism advocates for global unity and cooperation between nations, emphasizing on shared interests of all nations and people instead of focusing on the interests of a single country
97
Influence of King Louis XIV:
French colonial expansion, the conclusion of the Eighty Years' War, a controlling influence on the style of fine arts and architecture in France
-overall positive
98
sovereignty:
- the political authority to control one's affairs.
- A nation-state's ability to control its affairs without interference from other nation-states
- the authority of an established state to govern itself without external interference.
99
Voltaire:
- He mocked the monarchy and the aristocracy with satire
- valued freedom of speech and religion
- was jailed multiple times for his belief
- quoted "Man is free the moment he wishes to be"
- philosophe of the Enlightenment
100
Country:
a country is a political entity with recognized borders, a government, and sovereignty
101
North American vs France:
- NA was in the "new world" while France was still in the Middle Ages
- France ruled by an absolute monarch
- Frances's population was mainly rural and poor(farmers)
102
Devine Rights Theory:
the monarch was chosen by god
- supported by the church
103
Linguistic nationhood:
- feeling connected due to a shared language that unites
ex. in Quebec, many people see their French language as a way to all feel apart of a nation
104
ethnic identity:
Ethnic identity refers to the sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, and it is shaped by shared cultural, linguistic, historical, and social characteristics
105
The declaration of the rights of man and the citizen:
- The first French Constitution - promised essential
freedoms that could not be taken away (speech
religion, property)
- adopted by the National Assembly
- It ended the tax exemption for the nobility
- Heavily influenced by Voltaire, Rousseau, and
Montesquieu
- Promised these rights for men ONLY
- It did not have rights for non-Catholics, slaves, and non-property owners
- France was a constitutional monarchy
106
What are the revolutionary wars in France an example of?
how the rumours influenced the French Revolution
- Rumours of King Louis being a traitor and wanting Austria to win
- Louis running away
107
Nationalism:
The feeling of belongingness to a nation and wanting it to succeed and thrive above all others
- feeling a strong devotion to your country, promoting its culture and interests
- by being a nationalist you believe it possesses some degree of superiority over others
- striving for a country
- step above patriotism
108
Revolutionary Tribunals:
- set up due to a fear of traitors that was growing in
France following the revolution and war
- was a court instituted by the National Convention
during the French Revolution for the trial of
political offenders
- became one of the most powerful engines of the
period often called the Reign of Terror
- said that suspects shall be locked up, the proof
needed to convict enemies could be of any kind
and no need for a witness, and the penalty is death
109
constitutional monarchy:
The King had some power but the parliament created laws
- monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government
110
political nationhood:
- nations can be a political entity
-political nations are formed when they achieve sovereignty
111
womens societal expectations in early modern Europe:
- expected to get married and have children
- cook and clean
- as a child you listen to your father and as a women you listen to your husband
- go to church
112
The reign of terror:
- followed the king's execution
- In the years 1793-1794, thousands of people were
sent to the guillotine after being suspected of anti-
revolutionary activities or helping France's enemies
- Jacobins declared 'Terror is the order of the day'
- supposed to help the revolution survive
- more than 12 000 were guillotined (majority
workers and peasants)
- a series of massacres and public executions
113
Tennis court Oath:
- After being kicked out of the building by the King,
the third estate had nowhere else to go
- They went to a tennis Court where they made The
Tennis Court Oath, pledging they would not stop
until France had a new government
- Louis was forced to recognize this as the
government
114
philosophes:
- people who discussed history, politics, and science
- discussed potential solutions to the world's
problems
- many published their thoughts
- many rejected the idea of absolute monarchy
- many supported the idea of democracy
- believed that science, scientific thinking, and
rational thought could explain everything in the
world
- They questioned many things other people didnt
- Many philosophes books were censored by the
monarch
- Philosophes gathered and discussed their ideas at
Salons (another intellectual's home)
115
Crisis Four in France(Technology):
New Technology
- From the agricultural revolution more food was
being produced
- More food = more people, but on the flip side, one
bad harvest year means more starving people
- Mix this with the printing press- allowed for print
media to be mass-produced
- People could put their ideas onto paper and share
it with others
116
absolute monarchy:
the Kind made all the decisions and rules on his own
- a system of government where the ultimate authority to run the state is in the hands of a monarch who rules by their right
117
Country vs nation-state similarities and differences:
SIMILARITIES:
- geographical territory
- sovereign entities
- Government
- Sense of collective identity
DIFFERENCES:
- country is a more general term that refers to a politically defined territory with a government and sovereignty, often with multiple groups in it
- nation-state refers to a specific type of country where the boundaries of the nation (a group of people with a shared culture, language, ethnicity, or history) coincide with the boundaries of the state (a political and territorial entity).
- A country is broader and a nation-state is more specific to a political entity
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Sans-Culottes:
Poor people who supported the Jacobins(radicals)
-part of the new French government
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nation as a collective:
referring to a group of people who share common characteristics, such as culture, history, language, ethnicity, or values
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Crisis One is France: Queen
A new Queen
- At age 15 King Louis XVI married Marie Antionette of Austria, age 14
- France and Austria had been longtime enemies, the people of France(3rd estate) did not trust her or like her
- The second estate did not approve of her
- an unpopular wife
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The age of enlightenment:
- Refers to a cultural movement in Europe in the 18th century where intellectuals discussed how to improve society, government, and politics.
- In the 18th century, whatever the church said, goes but people began to question this blind faith and consider how things could change
- Philosophes
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cahiers:
- the best available source of the thoughts of the
French population right before the French
Revolution
- the lists of complaints drawn up by each of the
three Estates in France, between January and April
1789, the year in which the French Revolution
began.
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VIolent phase in France after the King was overthrown:
- Angry mob began looking for other traitors(clergy and nobles who had supported the Kind ad criticized the revolution)
- These people were imprisoned or brutally murdered
- This began the start of the Reign of Terror
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ethnic nationalism:
ethnic nationalism ties national identity to cultural or ethnic homogeneity.
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nationhood:
the status of belonging to a nation-state or to a national identity
- the fact or status of being a nation; national identity or independence.
