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AS Level Chemistry > Unit 1 - Foundation Chemistry (Key Terms) > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Foundation Chemistry (Key Terms) Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane?

A

A hydrocarbon with C-C and C-H single bonds only, with the general formula Cn H2n+2.

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2
Q

Allotropes?

A

Pure elements which can exist in different physical forms in which their atoms are arranged differently. E.g. Diamond, Graphite & Buckminsterfullerene are allotropes of carbon.

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3
Q

Atom Economy?

A

The efficiency of a chemical reaction by comparing total number of atoms in the product with total number of atoms in starting materials.
Defined by:
Mass of Desired Product / Total Mass of Reactants x 100

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4
Q

Avogadro Constant?

A

The total number of particles in a mole of a substance.

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5
Q

Catalyst?

A

A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction.

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6
Q

Catalytic Cracking / Cracking?

A

With the help of a catalyst or high temperature, the breaking of long-chain alkane molecules into shorter chain hydrocarbons (alkanes & alkenes).

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7
Q

Carbon-neutral?

A

A process, in which as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air as is released.

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8
Q

Coordinate / Dative Covalent Bonding?

A

Covalent bonding in which both electrons in the bond come from one of the atoms in the bond.

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9
Q

Covalent Bonding?

A

A pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms.

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10
Q

Delocalised?

A

Electrons that are spread over several atoms & help to bond them together.

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11
Q

Dipole-Dipole Force?

A

An intermolecular force that results from the attraction between molecules with permanent dipoles.

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12
Q

Displacement Reactions?

A

A chemical reaction in which one or a group of atoms replaces another in a compound.
E.g. Zn + CuO –> ZnO + Cu

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13
Q

Displayed Formula?

A

The formula of a compound drawn out so that each atom & bond is shown.

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14
Q

Electron Pair Repulsion Theory?

A

A theory which explains the shapes of simple molecules by assuming that pairs of electrons around a central atom repel each other (as far away as possible).

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15
Q

Electronegativity?

A

The power of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond.

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16
Q

Empirical Formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio in which atoms in a compound combine together.

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17
Q

Endothermic?

A

A reaction in which heat is taken in as reactants change to products, the temperature drops.

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18
Q

Enthalpy Change?

A

A measure of heat energy given out or taken in when a chemical or physical change occurs at constant pressure.

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19
Q

Exothermic?

A

A reaction in which heat is given out as reactants change to products, the temperature rises.

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20
Q

Fraction?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points.

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21
Q

Free Radical?

A

A chemical species with an unpaired electron - highly reactive.

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22
Q

Functional Group?

A

The part of a molecule of a (carbon) compound which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule.
E.g. Alkenes have a C=C double bond.

23
Q

Group?

A

A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties as they have the same outer electron arrangement.

24
Q

Homologous Series

A

A set of organic compounds with the same function groups. Compounds differ in their hydrocarbon chain lengths.

25
Q

Hydrogen Bonding?

A

An intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom interacts with another elctronegative atom.

26
Q

Incomplete Combustion?

A

A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide &/or carbon (soot) are formed.

27
Q

Ionic Bonding?

A

A chemical bond in which an electron or electrons are transferred from one atom to another. A strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions is formed.

28
Q

Ionisation Energy?

A

The energy required to remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms or ions.

29
Q

Isomers?

A

One of two (or more) compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula.
E.g. Same atoms arranged differently.

30
Q

Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) but different mass numbers (different numbers of neutrons).

31
Q

Atomic Number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

32
Q

Mass Number?

A

The total number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

33
Q

Fractional Distillation?

A

The physical separation of a mixture of liquids which have different boiling points.

34
Q

Chain Isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but the carbon “backbone” of the molecule is of different lengths of side branches.
E.g. Butane & Methylpropane.

35
Q

Function Group Isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular force, but molecules have a different functional group.
E.g. C4H8 could be butene (alkene) or cyclobutane (cyclic alkane).

36
Q

Lone Pair / Unshared Pair?

A

A pair of electrons in the outer shell of an atom that’s not involved in bonding.

37
Q

Metallic Bonding?

A

A chemical bond in which outer electrons are spread over a lattice of metal ions.

38
Q

Mole?

A

A quantity of a substance that contains the Avogadro number of particles.

39
Q

Molarity (M)?

A

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles per cubic decimetre (litre).

40
Q

Molecular Formula?

A

The number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.

41
Q

Monomer?

A

A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.

42
Q

Nucleus?

A

The tiny, positively charged centre of an atom, made up of protons & neutrons.

43
Q

Percentage Yield?

A

The actual amount of product produced divided by the theoretical amount expressed as a percentage.

44
Q

Period?

A

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. There are trends in the properties of elements across a period.

45
Q

Periodicity?

A

The regular recurrence of the properties of elements when arranged in atomic number order (periodic table).

46
Q

Polar Molecule (permanent dipole)?

A

A molecule in which the charge is not symmetrically distributed; one area is positively charged & another negatively charged.

47
Q

Positional Isomers?

A

Compounds with same molecular formula & same carbon chain length, but substituent or functional group is in different place along the chain.
E.g. 1-chloropropane & 2-chloropropane.

48
Q

Reduction?

A

Atom(s) gain electrons.

49
Q

Oxidation?

A

Atom(s) lose electrons.

50
Q

Relative Atomic Mass?

A

The average mass of an atom of an element compared with 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

51
Q

Relative Molecular Mass?

A

The average mass of a molecule compared with 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

52
Q

Structural Formula?

A

Each carbon atom is written separately with atom(s) attached to it.
E.g. Butan-2-ol is written CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3

53
Q

Structural Isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae.
Three types of structural isomerism: Chain, Positional & Functional Group.

54
Q

Van der Waals force?

A

An intermolecular force of attraction caused by instantaneous dipoles & acts between all atoms & molecules.

AS Level Chemistry (1 decks)

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