Unit 1 Final Flashcards
List and explain the characteristics of life
-All organisms are made up of cells(common unit of life)
- display organization, each structure has a specific function from atoms to organ systems
- energy processing (metabolism), need constant supply of energy example sun is energy source for plants (autotrophs) and some organisms like heterotrophs need food or energy from something else
-growth and development, increase in size and change shape or form add cells
- reproduction, produce offspring similar to themselves needed for survival
- response to environmental(stimuli), can respond to stimuli in the environment like heat touch light can be external or internal like response as prey or predator
- regulation(homeostasis), keep internal conditions stable if not death may occur homeostasis keeps our temp from rising
-Evolutionary adaption, inherited changes occur overtime helps species survive passed from parents to offspring
Who saw the first cell
Robert Hooke
Who viewed the first living cell
Felix dujardin
Who proposed all plants are made of cells and all tissues are made up of cells
Matthias schleiden
Who proposed all animals are made of cells and cells are the basis of life
Theodor Schwann
Who claimed cells can only come from other cells
Rudolf virchow
Three statements that make up cell theory
- Cells are the basic unit of life
-cells are the smallest unit to carry out all characteristics of life
-basic building blocks of multicellular organisms
2.all organisms are composed of cells of the product of cells
3.all cells come from other cells through the process of cell division (mitosis)
Modern cell theory 4 statements
-cells contain hereditary information (dna) passed from cell to cell during cell division
-all cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activity
- all basic chemical and physiological functions like movement and digestion are carried out inside cells
-cell activity depends on activities of sub cellular structures within the cell (organelles nucleus membranes)
What are the two types of cells and what they do
Prokaryote - before nuclei
-Don’t have a nucleus
-Hereditary material are not surrounded by other cell membranes
- hereditary material is not organized into chromosomes
-blue algae bacteria
Eukaryote - true nuclei
- nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane
-complex chromosomes and variety of specialized structures (organelles) - usually larger then prokaryotes
-Plants and animals
What are the two electron microscopes and what type of images do they display
Transmission electron microscope
-X-ray
-200,000,000x
Electrons shot in a vacuum between magnets
Scanning electron microscope
-very detailed
-200,000x
Electrons reflect off of fixed specimen
What are 4 main differences between the scientific and indigenous perspectives of life
1.Indigenous
Define relationship is belonging to the land see themselves is one element of integrated environment
Scientific
Define relationship as separate from the land or an observer an outsider, not a part of ecosystem or history (don’t relate humans to other forms of life)
- Indigenous
Humans coexist with fauna, and Flora equal rights to life respect all living things we are no different from plants or animals
Scientific
All organisms are part of an ecosystem and life systems as a whole, but vastly different from one another the single organism split so many times and has become the organisms we see today evolution has classified different organisms into different groups plants and animals are not the same
- Indigenous
Nonliving things like rock, Sun, water are alive been alive, or have potential to become alive
Scientific
Nonliving things (abiotic)have never, and can never be living (biotic)
- Indigenous
Believe all life is connected, example spirit, animals in totem poles
Scientific
Life is interdependent on each other, but not spiritually connected
Animate vs inanimate
Animate means simply living or with spirit so celestial bodies, like rock stones, rivers, etc. inanimate refers to nonliving things or man-made objects like televisions cars and buildings
Abiogenesis
Is a theory Aristotle proposed that stated nonliving things can be transformed into living things spontaneously. another name for this is spontaneous generation
Biogenesis
The process were living matter, only arises from other living matter proposed by Louis pasture
What did Aristotle believe? What observation did he make to support abiogenesis?
Aristotle believed in a biogenesis observations were if meat was left out for too long maggots would appear, and after spring rain, frogs insects, and plants seem to materialize from the dried out mud of ponds
Describe in detail, Francisco Ruddy’s experiment with the jars of meat
He had four jars filled with bits of snake, eel, fish and veal. However, he sealed the second set of jars, because if spontaneous generation was true, the maggots would still appear in close jar. However, the second set of jars did not have maggots while the open jars did. Critics believed air was a missing component, crucial for spontaneous generation.
Describe in detail Louis Pastor’s experiment with the broth and Swan neck flasks
Made newly shaped flask, known as the swan neck key heated broth to high temperature when cooled water droplets contents in the curve of the neck, air could freely pass in and out. The microorganisms could be found trapped in the next, but when broken they grew in the broth.
What was the theory of Lynn Margulis?
The theory of endocytosis, which was organelles once bacteria,
Living inside, larger host cells
Bacteria may initially been parasites or even meals for the larger cell
These bacteria cells eventually became mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotes
Describe the experiment of Stanley miller and Harold Urey performed
Tested if life began from interactions between hydrocarbons ammonia and lightning
Mixed water ammonia methane and hydrocarbon in a sterile flask
Mixture was then heated to evaporate water to produce water Vapor
Electric sparks passed through the mixture of water Vapor and gases simulating lightning
After a week amino acids were found
What technology has changed our understanding of the world
Microscope
Because it can help us see what the naked eye cannot and without it we would not know what cells are and how the basics of life like plants animals and our own bodies work
It has helped us discover worlds we would have never discovered that our crucial for a biology and in medicine, like finding bacteria and cures for diseases
According to the characteristics of life are viruses alive
No, because for an organism to be deemed living and must meet the eight characteristics of life, they only actually meet two of them on their own order and adaption. They have order because they have specific traits that relate to their function like their many legs to attach to a cell and override it. They have adaption because they can mutate and change making them more dangerous. However, the other characteristics that could be argued or all dependent on the wholesale like reproduction viruses don’t have a reproductive system. They are dependent on the host cell to duplicate them. Viruses don’t have homeostasis so if internal conditions are not kept stable, they will no longer exist. They do not respond to the environment because there is no internal structure of the virus itself showing they have a response. viruses are not made up of cells and viruses do not grow and develop because they don’t get physically bigger.
