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Micro Bacteria > Unit 1 Exam Bacterias > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Bacterias Flashcards

1
Q

COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 ETIOLOGY

A
  • Infectious disease in humans
  • Formal name is “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” , SARS-CoV-2
  • Related to Virus that caused the SARS outbreak in 2003
  • No public information about this virus before outbreak
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2
Q

COVID-19 TYPES

A
  • causes large variety of disease in humans and livestock
  • known to clinically be the “common cold” (mild, self-limiting respiratory infections)
  • 2002-2003” SARS-CoV emerged in China, infected 8,000, fatality of 10%
  • 2012: MERS-CoV (middle eastern respiratory syndrome-CoV), 2,500 cases over 2 years, fatality of 34%.
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3
Q

COVID-19 SYMPTOMS AND SEVERITY

A
  • Fever, dry cough, tiredness, headaches, chills, body aches, difficulty taking a deep breath
  • mild cases report runny nose or sore throat
  • extreme fatigue lasts for few days or weeks
  • severe cases: respiratory illnesses or organ failure
  • flu-like symptoms recover in a few days
  • tightness of breath resolves in another week or two
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4
Q

COVID-19 PREVENTION

A
  • stay home if sick and avoid sick people
  • social distancing
  • use a mask in public
  • keep 6-foot distance from others
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5
Q

COVID-19 TREATMENT

A
  • treat as you would cold or flu
  • Tylenol for high fevers and aches
  • OTC decongestants
  • fluids and rest
  • NSAIDS like Advil are not recommended due to inflammatory response
  • deep breathing of shower steam
  • use a humidifier
  • anti-malarial drugs used in India to treat high-risk patients but not in US
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6
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
A bacterial pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae

AS A DISEASE

A
  • can be caused by a wide variety of microorganisms
  • must be able to avoid phagocytosis or avoid killing once inside macrophages
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacteria that can cause pneumonia
  • Viral pneumonia is usually but NOT always milder than bacterial pneumonia
  • Fungi can also cause pneumonia
  • most often in immunocompromised people
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7
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
ETIOLOGY

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae: bacterial
  • accounts for 40% of community acquired cases
  • small, gram-positive coccus that appears in pairs
  • polysaccharide capsule prevents effective phagocytosis
    - blocks action of complement proteins
    - causes inflammatory fluids to build up in lungs
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8
Q

OTHER DISEASES CAUSED BY S. Pneumoniae

A
  • ear infections
  • sinus infections
  • meningitis
  • bacteremia
  • Streptococcus species cause more microbial diseases in humans than any other microbe
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9
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
RISK FACTORS

A

Children:
- Under age 2
- In childcare settings
- Are immunocompromised by another infection
- With cochlear implants

Adults 19-64:
- With underlying chronic illnesses
- Immunocompromised by another infection
- In long-term facilities (nursing homes)

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10
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  • part of the normal biota of the respiratory tract
  • infection occurs when bacterium is inhaled into deep part of lungs
  • factors that enhance disease: old age, season, underlying viral respiratory disease, diabetes, chronic abuse of alcohol or narcotics
  • transmission is through droplet contact through respiratory secretion
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11
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
SYMPTOMS AND COMPLICATIONS

A
  • begin with runny nose, congestion, headache, and fever
  • chest pain, fever, cough, production of discolored sputum as it enters lungs
  • patient appears pale and sickly
  • severity and speed of onset of symptoms depends on the etiologic agent
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12
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

A
  • inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli
  • if invasive, blood sample or spinal tap to collect cerebrospinal fluid may be required
  • if non-invasive, standard clinical examination (physical)
  • treated using “broad spectrum” antibiotics
  • many strands may be resistant to penicillin
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13
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia
PREVENTION

A
  • PCV13 vaccine (recommended for adults over 19 with preexisting medical conditions
  • PPSV23 vaccine (recommended for adults over 19 who smoke or have asthma and is encouraged for adults over 65)
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14
Q

PRIMARY AMOEBIC
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
(PAM)

A PROTOZOAN PATHOGEN – Naegleria fowleri

A
  • inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
  • infection of one structure may involve the other
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15
Q

PRIMARY AMOEBIC
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
(PAM)

ETIOLOGY

A
  • naegleria fowleri
  • small, flask-shaped amoeba that moves by means of a single pseudopod
  • rounded, thick-walled cyst
  • resistant to temperature extremes and mild chlorination
  • found in warm freshwater and soil
  • utilize the olfactory
    nerve to enter the brain
  • Enters the subarachnoid space
    causing primary amoebic
    meningoencephalitis (PAM)
  • Causes rapid, massive
    destruction of brain and spinal
    tissue
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16
Q

PRIMARY AMOEBIC
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
(PAM)

ILLNESSES AND SYMPTOMS

A
  • cases are rare but are very fatal
  • 4 of 133 cases in US survived

Stage 1: severe frontal headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting

Stage 2: stiff neck, seizures, altered mental state, hallucinations, and coma

17
Q

PRIMARY AMOEBIC
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
(PAM)

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

A
  • Spinal tap of CSF often shows
    presence of the motile amoeba
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
    (PCR) can detect the presence
    of the DNA associated with the
    amoeba
  • Amoeba can be cultured in the
    lab or detected in the water
    supply to increase effectiveness
    of the two methods
18
Q

PRIMARY AMOEBIC
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
(PAM)

TREATMENT

A
  • Traditionally, only
    supportive care has been
    given due to the rapid
    progression of the disease
  • Miltefosine, an anti-cancer
    drug, has shown to have
    anti-amoebic effects when
    used with other drugs
  • This, along with therapeutic
    hypothermia, saved a 12-year old
    girl in 2013
19
Q

PRIMARY AMOEBIC
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
(PAM)

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

A
  • Infection can only occur if the amoeba
    enters your nose; drinking
    contaminated water has not been shown
    to lead to infection
  • Hold nose or use nose-clips when
    swimming in freshwater environments
  • avoid submerging your head in warm
    freshwater environments
  • avoid
    freshwater during very hot, dry seasons

-avoid stirring up sediment in freshwater
environments

20
Q

ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
(THRUSH)

A FUNGAL PATHOGEN – Candida albicans

A
  • Normal biota of 50 – 100% of
    humans
  • Mouth, GI tract, vagina
  • Usually opportunistic infection
    due to disruption of the normal
    biota
  • Causes oral candidiasis within
    the mouth or vulvovaginal
    candidiasis
21
Q

ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
(THRUSH)

ETIOLOGY

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Most common
    source of human
    infections
  • Dimorphic fungus
22
Q

ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
(THRUSH)

SYMPTOMS

A
  • Redness or soreness at
    the site of infection
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Cracks at the corners of
    the mouth (angular
    cheilitis)
23
Q

ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
(THRUSH)

RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION

A
  • Uncommon infection in healthy adults
  • Often affects immunocompromised individuals
  • HIV/AIDS, cancer, autoimmune disease
  • Also affects individuals with organ transplants,
    diabetes, dentures, or people using
    corticosteroids or broad-spectrum antibiotics

-Most easily prevented through good oral
hygiene

  • Using chlorohexidine mouthwash for people
    currently suffering from oral thrush is effective
24
Q

ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
(THRUSH)

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING

A
  • Easily detectable on
    a wet prep
  • Grows in thick,
    curdlike colonies on
    the walls in the
    mouth or throat
25
Q

ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
(THRUSH)

TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES

A
  • anti fungal medications
    1. Clotrimazole: troches or nystatin suspensions are often used to treat mild to moderate cases
  1. Fluconazole or itraconazole: required for esophageal cases or cases that persist
  • Amphotericin B is required for cases that are severe or resistant
  • removal of sugar and breads from the diet and adding yogurt, fermented foods, and probiotics can prevent recurrence
26
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

A HELMENTHIC PATHOGEN – Enterobius
vermicularis

ETIOLOGY

A

Enterobius
vermicularis

Helmenthic parasite

27
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS

A
  • Humans are only known reservoir for
    this parasite
  • Most common worm disease of
    children in temperate zones
  • Transmission is through ingestion of
    the worm’s eggs or indirectly through
    contact
  • Commonly found in playground sand, on
    farms and in soil
  • Even possible to ingest while breathing
    (while mowing the yard or gardening)
  • Hands, toys, bedding, clothing, toilet seats
28
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

BIOLOGY (LIFE CYCLE)

A
  • Female worms exit the
    anus and lay eggs at
    night
  • Eggs are then ingested
    by new host starting a
    new cycle of infection
29
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

SYMPTOMS OR SIGNS

A
  • Pronounced anal itching,
    abdominal discomfort,
    difficulty sleeping
  • Adult worms come outside the anus
    to lay legs, which result in itching
  • Secondary infections may result
    from abrasions of the perianal region
    from excessive scratching

-Infection is not fatal and most
cases are asymptomatic

  • However, females may also
    experience infection of the vaginal
    canal
30
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

A
  • Use transparent
    tape to collect
    eggs and
    examine using a
    microscope
  • Done on 3 consecutive mornings after a person wakes
  • Examine samples from
    fingernails under a
    microscope
  • Look for worms in perianal
    region 2 – 3 hours after the
    infected person is asleep
31
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

TREATMENT

A
  • Mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate,
    and albendazole
  • Given as one dose and then again as a single dose 2 weeks later
  • Does not reliably kill eggs, so second dose helps prevent reinfection
  • Children who live on farms or
    play in soil often should have
    regular treatment
  • Infections occurring in
    households should be treated
    simultaneously among all
    members
32
Q

ENTEROBIASIS
(PINWORM
INFECTION)

PREVENTION

A
  • Proper hand washing anytime
    after contact with the perianal
    region is the most effective way
    to prevent the infection
  • Showering every morning,
    especially if recovering from an
    infection, is also effective
  • Frequent changing of bedclothes
    among infected individuals is
    also recommended
33
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE
Infectious Proteins! – Prions

A

SPONGIFORM
ENCEPHALOPATHIES

  • Implicated in chronic, persistent
    disease in humans and animals
  • Brain tissue removed from
    affected animals resembles a
    sponge
34
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE

ETIOLOGY

A
  • Caused by prions
  • Distinct protein fibrils deposited in brain tissue of
    affected animals
  • Protein composition of prions has revolutionized ideas of what can constitute an infectious agent
  • Several animals are victims of similar diseases:
  • Scrapies: Sheep, mink elk
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: cows (which is
    strongly shown to be related to variant CJD in humans)
35
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE

EPIDIEMIOLOGY

A
  • 1 to 2 cases per 1 million people in US
  • Exact mode of infection is unknown
  • Scientists still do not know how prions replicate given that they have no nucleic acid
  • Transmissible by an unknown mechanism for classic CJD or by ingesting infected meats for variant CJD
  • Variant form most linked with BSE
36
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE

RISK FACTORS FOR TRAVELERS

A
  • From 1995 – August, 2006:
  • UK had the highest incidence – 162 cases
  • France – 20 cases
  • Ireland – 4 cases
  • US – 2 cases
  • Canada, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain – 1 case each
37
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE

SYMPTOMS AND SEVERITY

A
  • Affects the central nervous system of humans
  • Causes gradual degeneration leading to dementia and, eventually, death
  • Illness normally progresses to death within 4 -5 months for classic CJD and 13 – 14 months for variant CJD
38
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE

PREVENTION

A
  • Surveillance, culling of sick herds, and banning of high-risk materials have been very effective in countries at risk for BSE and CJD
  • Avoid beef or beef products altogether when visiting countries with a history of BSE or CJD
39
Q

CREUTZFELDT - JAKOBS
DISEASE (CJD)/
MAD COW DISEASE

TREATMENT

A
  • Supportive care only
  • No known treatments have shown any
    effectiveness

Micro Bacteria (1 decks)

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