Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
Body planes
Coronal- front and back
Transverse- top and bottom
Sagittal- left and right
Axial vs appendicular skeleton
Axial- head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular- all other
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
- secretes oil
Synovial membrane
Lining of movable joints
Mucous membrane
Secretes mucus and lubricant
Serous membrane
Lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Two types of serous membranes
Visceral- around the organ
Parietal- lining the wall
Projections
Sites of muscle and ligament attachments
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone, prominent
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Line
Narrow ridge of bone, not as prominent
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Spine
Sharp slender, often pointed projection
Process
Any bony prominence
Articulations
Surfaces that form joints
Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articulate surface
Condyle
Rounded articulate projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
Depressions and openings
Cavities or dips
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Groove
Furrow
Fissure
Narrow, slit like opening
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Fossa
Shallow depression in the bone
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucus membrane
Cranial cavity
brain, vertebral cavity
Ventral Cavity
lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys
Thoracic Cavity
mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
other components of water
electrolytes, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
passive transport
no energy
high to low concentrations
Active transport
low to high concentration
uses energy
Osmosis
diffusion of water from high to low concentration
diffusion
moving molecules across the membrane
exocytosis
large molecules are secreted from the cell
cell grows larger, vesicle membrane becomes part of plasma membrane
endocytosis
decreases the cell size because some of the membrane becomes the vesicle membrane
rough ER
synthesizes proteins for secretion
smooth ER
site of steroid, fatty acid, and phospholipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus
packages enzymes for lysosomes
lysosomes
destroys cell waste
mitochondria
creates the energy for the cell
peroxisomes
formed in the ER, and detoxify harmful substances
Cytoskeleton
structural support of cell cytosol streaming cell motility movement of organelles movement of chromosomes
Mitosis
parent cell—> 2 daughter cells
Meiosis
parent cell—> 4 sex daughter cells
histology
study of tissues and relationships within the organs
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
atrophy
decrease in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
metaplasia
change in form or cell type
4 basic types of tissue
nervous
epithelial
muscle
connective
types of muscle tissue
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
skeletal muscle
striated with peripheral multi nuclei
smooth muscle
non-striated with single central nuclei
found in visceral organs, blood vessel walls
cardiac muscle
striated with single central nuclei. intercalated discs-dark lines
Epithelial tissue classification # of cells
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
Epithelial tissue
classification
cell shape
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional
simple squamous
one layer, flat scale like
diffusion and filtration
simple cuboidal
one layer cube like
secretion and absorption
simple columnar
one layer columns
secretion and absorption
stratified squamous
many layers, flat scale like
protection
stratified cuboidal
many layers, cubes
protection, rare in humans
stratified columnar
many layers, columns
protection and rare in humans
pseudostratified
looks stratified but not
transitional
tissue that can change the shape temporarily
protection, stretching
glands
epithelial cells that make and secrete a product form glands
glands classification
unicellular
Multicellular
exocrine gland
secretes- sweat and saliva
transported by ducts
located close to target cells
Endocrine gland
secretes hormones
transports directly into bloodstream
do not need to be close to target cells
in vascularized areas
merocrine gland
exocrine gland
- delivers by exocytosis
holocrine gland
exocrine gland
- after secreting material it disintegrates and becomes the material
apocrine gland
exocrine gland
- the tip of the cell pinches off and becomes the secretion
tubular secretory structure
the ducts is shaped in an elongated tube shape
alveolar secretory structure
the duct is rounded in shape
simple duct structure
the duct doesn’t branch off
compound duct structure
the duct branches off into multiple compartments
types of connective tissue
adipose cartilage bone blood loose connective fibrous connective
connective tissue function
protection support storage binding transport immune
what does connective tissue consist of?
specialized cells
protein fibers
ground substance
characteristics of connective tissue
highly vascular, well nourished, regenerative, large matrix
common origin connective tissue
mesenchyme
types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
cells of connective tissue proper
resident cells: support, maintain, repair - fibroblast - adipocytes - fixed macrophages - mesenchymal Wandering Cells: immune prot/repair - leukocytes
fibers of connective tissue proper
collagen: abundant, flexible but strong
Elastic: stretch, thinner than collagen
Reticular: form a net
loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
