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Geology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

Scientific Basics, Geologic Dating and Time Scale, Earths Structure, Plate Tectonics

1
Q

Hypothesis
(Scientific basics)

A

possible explanations for our observations

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2
Q

theory
(Scientific basics)

A

well tested and widely accepted view that the scientific community generally agrees upon

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3
Q

scientific methods
(Scientific basics)

A

careful observation, construct hypothesis, test hypothesis

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4
Q

basic assumptions
(Scientific basics)

A

-the world is understandable
-scientific ideas are subject to change
-scientific knowledge is durable
-science cannot provide complete answers to all questions

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5
Q

original horizontally
(relative dating)

A

rock layers typically form a nearly horizontal position

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6
Q

superposition
(relative dating)

A

rock layers become younger from bottom to top

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7
Q

lateral continuity
(relative dating)

A

rock layers are assumed to have originally extended laterally in all direction unless they are observed to pinch out or terminate

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8
Q

cross cutting relationship
(relative dating)

A

any geologic feature that cuts across another the younger of the two layers(faults)

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9
Q

inclusion
(relative dating)

A

where fragments of one rock type is contained within rocks of another type, rock included is older

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10
Q

oldest to youngest
(relative dating)

A

EGLCHMDJANKBF

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11
Q

numeric dating

A

geologic clock, occurs at a constant rate, radioactive decay

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12
Q

radioactive decay
(numeric dating)

A

measuring the quantity of unstable atoms left in a rock and compare into the quantity of stable daughter atoms in the rock

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13
Q

phanerozoic
(geologic time scale)

A

-eon
-visible life
-hard bodied fossils

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14
Q

cenozoic
(geologic time scale)

A

-era
-recent life
-mammals

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15
Q

mesozoic
(geologic time scale)

A

-era
-middle life
-reptiles and dinosaurs

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16
Q

paleozoic
(geologic time scale)

A

-era
-ancient life
-intervertebral, fish, amphibians

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17
Q

Jurassic
(geologic time scale)

A

-period
-Mesozoic era

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18
Q

Cambrian
(geologic time scale)

A

-period
-Paleozoic era

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19
Q

how do we know what is inside the earth
(earths structure)

A

ultrasonography
-we measure earthquake waves, which have a low frequency but a lot of energy

20
Q

inner core
(earths structure)

A

composed of iron
high density
high pressure

21
Q

outer core
(earths structure)

A

high density
high pressure
liquid

22
Q

mantle
(earths structure)

A

composed of iron rich silicate rocks
solid but able to flow over long timescales

23
Q

astheosphere
(earths structure)

A

relatively weak and plastic zone
upper mantle
flows with time

24
Q

lithosphere
(earths structure)

A

cool and rigid outer surface of the earth
uppermost mantle and crust

25
Q

crust
(earths structure)

A

oceanic and continental

26
Q

oceanic
(earths structure)

A

thinner, basaltic, more dense, relatively young

27
Q

continental
(earths structure)

A

thicker, granite, less dense, can be very old

28
Q

igneous rock
(rock cycle)

A

rock formed by the cooling and solidifying of liquid rock(magma) often formed by layer deposits

29
Q

intrusive
(rock cycle)

A

form when magma cools slowly before it reaches the earths surface
eg granite

30
Q

extrusive
(rock cycle)

A

forms when magma cools rapidly after it reaches the earths surface
eg basalt

31
Q

sedimentary
(rock cycle)

A

formed by compactions and cementation of sediment typically form well layered deposits
eg limestone and sandstone

32
Q

metamorphic
(rock cycle)

A

form from the alteration of preexisting rocks caused by increases in temp and pressure
eg gneiss

33
Q

evidence of continental drift

A

-glacial ice
petrified wood
-glossopteris
-mesosaur
-boundaries of continents
-ancient climate patterns
-plant and animal ranges work
-ancient environments at right altitude
-similar rock types
-mountain belt ranges

34
Q

mid ocean ridges
(sea floor spreading)

A

discovered in1872
an interconnect system of mostly underwater mountains on the seafloor, areas of recent or active volcanism

35
Q

paleomagnetism
(sea floor spreading)

A

earths magnetic flow is produced by the flow of iron in the outer core, when igneous rock cools, some minerals pressure a signature of the original magnetic orientation at the time formed, can be read by sensors
study of earths sock shows that the earths magnetic field changes and reverses itself, takes thousands of years

36
Q

tectonic plates
(plate motion)

A

a section of lithosphere (solid rock) commonly composed of both oceanic and continental crust, something is either being created or destroyed

37
Q

relative motion
(plate motion)

A

measured relative to another tectonic plate (which is also moving)

38
Q

absolute motion
(plate motion)

A

measured relative to a fixed reference point measured relative to a gps, relative to mantle hotspot

39
Q

divergent
(plate motion)

A

plates moving apart from one another

40
Q

convergent
(plate motion)

A

subduction, destructive, trench, volcanic activity
ocean ocean-marinas trench
ocean continent-Cascadia subduction zone
continent continent-mountains mount Everest

41
Q

transform
(plate motion)

A

plates slide past each other
-creates earthquakes
-San Andrea’s fault

42
Q

Wilson cycle

A

the cycle opening and closing of ocean basins as result of plate tectonics, results in the formation of super continents like Pangea about every 250 million years

43
Q

mantle convection
(why plates move)

A

the mantle undergoes convection.
Convection is the movement of a substance according to the temperature of it. There are convection currents that carry heat from interior to the surface. The mantle is solid, but it can slowly move

44
Q

slab pull

A

slab pull results from the sinking of a cold, dense slab of oceanic lithosphere and is the major driving force of plate motion

45
Q

ridge push

A

ridge push is a gravity driven force that results from the elevated position of the ridge

Geology (2 decks)

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