Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
Continuity
refers to the view that development is a gradual, continuous process
Discontinuity
refers to the view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages
Psychodynamic Theory
-Stress the power of a person’s past experiences and emotions to shape their current thoughts and actions (the first cluster of psychodynamic theories are called psychoanalytic)
- Theories that emphasize the power of unconscious emotional conflicts to influence adult behavior (a basic psychoanalytic idea) are called psychodynamic
The Mozart Effect
-A theory that suggests that listening to Mozart’s music can induce a short term improvement on the performance of certain kinds of cognitive tasks and processes
-The music is having a 15 minute affect which is proven to make one seem smarter but it is actually just improving mood
Nature
the influence of genes
Nurture
Environmental influences
Difference-equals-deficit Error
-A belief that an individual who does not conform to a perceive societal norm is not able to live up to subjective standard of personhood
-Example: someone believing a deaf person can not be as academically successful
Correlation
- a number which indicates how much two variables are related
-Between growth and development
-Both processes depend on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors
Growth
is structural and absolute in measure
Development
functional and coordinate with various systems of the body through age
Social Construction
theory suggests that learning and development are derived from one’s interactions with others. It is rooted in the idea that reality is constructed, or established, through one’s interactions with society and culture. This theory views human development as a collaborative process
Longitudinal Research
-follows the same individuals over time
-Example: any sort of experiment that would do with studying the development of age over time and an effect of aging
Critical Period
Also known as the sensitive period, the critical period is a time during early postnatal life when the development and maturation of functional properties of the brain, its ‘plasticity’, is strongly dependent on experience or environmental influences.
Chronosystem
Changing conditions, personal and societal over the lifespan
Apgar Score
Scoring based on productivity on activity, pulse, grimace (reflex inability), appearance (skin color), and respiration
Monozygotic Twins
-Developed from the same egg cell that was fertilized by the same sperm cell but then split into two
-Identical twins
Postpartum Depression
-Developed by mothers after giving birth
-Can cause developmental issues due to a lack of mother-child relationship
Kangaroo Care
-Skin-to-skin contact (can be with mother or father)
-Has been proved to increase low birth weight, reduce mortality and illness, and can decrease the length of hospital stays
Transgender
-Transgender: denoting or relating to a person whose gender identity does not correspond with the sex registered for them at birth
-biological factors such as genetic influences and prenatal hormone levels, early experiences, and experiences later in adolescence or adulthood may all contribute to the development of transgender identities
Fontanels
Fontanel: in an infant, the space where 2 sutures join forms a membrane-covered “soft spot” called a fontanelle (fontanel). The fontanelles allow for growth of the brain and skull during an infant’s first year. There are normally several fontanelles on a newborn’s skull.
The Age of Viablity
-The age at which the fetus might survive after birth
-Typically around 24 weeks
Teratogen
-Teratogen: an agent that can impair prenatal
-Examples: alcohol, drugs, some medicines, deli meat, radiation, etc.
Cephalocaudal & Proximodistal Development
-Cephalocaudal: The cephalocaudal trend acknowledges a top-down growth trend. For example, infants may use their upper limbs before their lower limbs.
-Proximodistal: The proximodistal trend, on the other hand, acknowledges growth from the center of the body outwards. For example, infants use their arms before they can use their fingers effectively.
Epigentics
How environmental factors affect genetic expression
Temporal Lobe
Your temporal lobe is a part of your brain that helps you use your senses to understand and respond to the world around you. It also plays a key role in how you communicate with other people, your ability to access memories, use language and process emotions.
Secondary Circular Reactions
It signifies a repetitive action to make something happen. This step is when you might notice your child showing an understanding of simple cause and effect in their environment. For instance, they might repeatedly drop toys to hear the noise of them hitting the floor.
Amygdala
Your amygdala is a small part of your brain, but it has a big job. It’s a major processing center for emotions. It also links your emotions to many other brain abilities, especially memories, learning and your senses. When it doesn’t work as it should, it can cause or contribute to disruptive feelings and symptoms
Why breast-fed babies less likely to contract infectious diseases
Breast milk is perfectly suited to nourish infants and protect them from illness, as it has specific antibodies that help protect a baby from infectious diseases.
Naming Explosion
When your child is around 18 months, most children experience a naming explosion, or word spurt, where they can learn up to eight new words a day. During this time, children start understanding that all things have names, and they start to speed up the naming process.
Pruning
-The elimination of extra synapses
-getting rid of the synapses that are no longer used, the brain becomes more efficient as you age.
Sensorimotor Development
The sensorimotor stage typically takes place within the first two years of a child’s life. It is marked by the child discovering the difference between themselves and their environment. At that point, they will use their senses to learn things about both themselves and their environment.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
-Shaken baby syndrome usually occurs when a parent or caregiver severely shakes a baby or toddler due to frustration or anger — often because the child won’t stop crying
-Shaken baby syndrome is a severe form of head injury caused by the baby’s brain rebounding inside of the baby’s skull when shaken. In this injury there is bruising of the brain, swelling, pressure, and bleeding (intracerebral hemorrhage). This can easily lead to permanent, severe brain damage or death.
Babbling
-Babbling: repetition of syllables
-4 to 6 months
Gross Motor Skills
deliberate actions that coordinate many parts of the body, producing large movements
Fine Motor Skills
small body movements
Characteristics of Attachment
A safe heaven
A secure base
Proximity maintenance
Separation distress
Separation Anxiety
clinging and crying when a caregiver is about to leave
Stranger Wariness
fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move quickly
Synchrony
a mutual exchange with a moment-by-moment exchange
The strange situation
measures toddlers reactions to stress, with and without the caregiver
Evolutionary Theory
-Emotions for survival
-Allocare: care of children by people other than the biological parents
-Highlights the adaptive value of within-species variability
Allocare
care of children by people other than the biological parents
Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment
Infants with insecure/resistant attachment are extremely distressed by the separations and cannot be soothed at reunions, essentially displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with the caregiver, which occurs in 8% of the general population
Ambivalent attachment
people who tend to be overly needy
Still-Face Technique
when an adult stops all expression for a minute or two
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Toddlers seek self autonomy (self-rule) over their own actions and bodies
The Rouge Test
The rouge test is a measure of self-concept; the child who touches the rouge on his own nose upon looking into a mirror demonstrates the basic ability to understand self-awareness.
Trust vs Mistrust
When infants learn if the world can be trusted to satisfy basic needs
Conservation
-Conservation: understanding the amount of something remains the same despite changes in its appearance
-Liquid in glasses, they dont recognize that something can be reversed or modified
Volume
Number
Matter
Length
The Zone of Proximal Development
-skills as a person can only perform with assistance
-The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was a key construct in Lev Vygotsky’s theory of learning and development. The Zone of Proximal Development is defined as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
Overregularization
-a transient error in linguistic development in which the child attempts to make language more regular than it actually is.
-Example: saying breaked instead of broken, foot-foots, mouse-mouses, went-goed,
-Overextension; overgeneralization
-Example: Sarcasm, when your mom says your full name you may think she is angry with you
Pragmatics
tone of voice or in context can influence how someone means something
The Corpus Callosum
The corpus callosum is the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Private Speech
Private speech is indicative of early cognitive processing and allows us to hear how children think about their own behavior and select courses of action.
Fast-Mapping
Fast-mapping: the ability to acquire a word rapidly on the basis of minimal information.
Using inferences
Children learn 6 new words a day
Myelination
helps provide the foundation for brain connectivity and supports the emergence of cognitive and behavioral functioning. Early life nutrition is an important and modifiable factor that can shape myelination and, consequently, cognitive outcomes.
Animism
Animism: the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and have lifelike qualities.
Example: could be a child believing that the sidewalk was mad and made them fall down, or that the stars twinkle in the sky because they are happy, rain is God crying, hug a tree because it has feelings
Benefits of Bilingualism
-It allows advance theory of mind; asking yourself what language someone speaks
-Theory of mind is beneficial in emotional regulation
-Get a better job when you are more bilingual
-Prevents you from having early onset alzheimers
Theory of Mind
-Theory of mind: a persons theory of what other people might be thinking
-False belief test: trying to estimate at what age a theory of mine emerges, around 4 or 5, two girls playing with dolls. Sally puts marble in her basket and leave room, anne takes it and puts it in her basket, ask child what happened with the marble and they think everyone should know the marble was moved just because the child watched it happen.
-The ability to lie requires the theory of mind
Measures of Synchrony
These include cross-correlations, variance-based measures, measures based on mutual information, phase relationships, and the timing of particular events, such as local maxima within the time course of a particular variable
