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BIO 202 > Unit 1, Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 1, Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Meiosis

A

in gamete cells, four haploid daughter cells

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

in somatic cells, two identical diploid daughter cells

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3
Q

zygote

A

1 egg + 1 sperm cell fertilize

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4
Q

mutation

A

change in nucleotide sequence

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5
Q

chromosome

A

chain of DNA with stabilizing porteins

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6
Q

random independent assortment

A

Metaphase 1, chromosomes randomly go to gametes

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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

went on 5 year voyage around the world, “evolution is ascent with modification”

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8
Q

Darwinian Evolution

A
  1. species accumulate differences
  2. descendants differ from ancestors
  3. new species arise from existing ones
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9
Q

natural selection

A

Mechanism of evolution:
1. individuals have specific inherited characteristics
2. they produce more surviving offspring
3. pop. includes more individuals with inherited traits
4, pop. evolves to better adapt to environment

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10
Q

Lamarck

A

acquired variation is passed on to descendants

ex: Giraffe’s necks lengthen during individuals lifetime (disproved)

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11
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A
  1. no mutation takes place
  2. no gene flow is transferring to/from other sources
  3. random mating is occurring
  4. population size is very large
  5. no selection occcurs
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12
Q

homozygous

A

same alleles

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles

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14
Q

dominant allele

A

Allele that overtakes the other

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15
Q

recessive allele

A

has to be homozygous recessive for the recessive phenotype to be expressed

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16
Q

codominant

A

both genes expressed (speckled)

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17
Q

incomplete dominance

A

trait is “mixed” (R + W = Pink)

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18
Q

phenotype

A

the way gene is expressed

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19
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of the gene

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20
Q

nonrandom mating

A

mating with specific genotypes, shifts genotypic frequency

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21
Q

assortive mating

A

doesn’t change frequency of individual alleles, Increases proportion of homozygous individuals

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22
Q

disassortive mating

A

phenotypically different individuals mate, produce excess of heterozygous

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23
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals from original colony leave and found new population elsewhere

24
Q

bottleneck effect

A

drastic reduction in population, and gene pool size

25
Q

artificial selection

A

breeder selects for desired characteristics

26
Q

Fitness

A
  1. survival
  2. how often they mating
  3. number of surviving offspring
27
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

depends on how frequent a phenotype occurs in a population. (common trait = safe)

28
Q

positive frequency dependent selection

A

common phenotypes are favored; variation is eliminated from the population (uncommon trait = safe)

29
Q

oscillating selection

A

selection favors one phenotype at a time, shift in population average NOT individuals

30
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

keep deleterious alleles in a population, ex: sickle cell anemia

31
Q

high predation environment

A

males with drab colors are relatively small, reproduce at younger age

32
Q

low predation environment

A

bright coloration, increased spots, successful at defending territories

33
Q

pleiotrophy

A

sets limit on how much a phenotype can be altered

34
Q

absolute dating

A

age of fossils is estimated by rates of radioactive decay

35
Q

relative dating

A

position of the fossil in the sediment

36
Q

archaeopteryx

A

oldest known bird fossil

37
Q

homologous structures

A

structures with different appearances and functions that are all derived from the same ancestral feature

38
Q

vestigial structures

A

have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors posessed

39
Q

extant

A

species currently living on Earth

40
Q

biogeography

A

study of geographic distribution of organisms

41
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent development of similar structures in organisms that aren’t directly related

42
Q

marsupials

A

young are born in immature condition and held in pouch until they develop

43
Q

placentals

A

young aren’t born until they can safely survive in external environment

44
Q

speciation

A

process by which new species arise:

  1. transformation of one species to another
  2. by splitting of one ancestral species into another
45
Q

sympatric speciation

A

differentiation of populations within a common geographic area into species:

  1. phenotypically different
  2. aren’t distinct entities
  3. utilize different parts of the habitat
46
Q

population

A

any group of individuals, usually of a single species occupying a given area at the same time

47
Q

subspecies

A

within a single species, individuals in population that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another

48
Q

geographic isolation

A

species occur in different areas, separated by river or mountain range

49
Q

ecological isolation

A

species in same area, but occupy different habitats

50
Q

behavioral isolation

A

species differ in mating rituals

51
Q

temporal isolation

A

species reproduce in different seasons/ time of day

52
Q

mechanical isolation

A

structural differences prevent mating

53
Q

prevention of gamete fusion

A

gametes from the separate species function poorly when they interact

54
Q

hybrid

A

post-zygotic, animal is sterile, ex: mule

55
Q

phermones

A

chemical signals

56
Q

reinforcement

A

incomplete isolating mechanism

57
Q

introregression

A

genes jumping from different species

BIO 202 (3 decks)

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