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Biology 30 > Unit 1: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 1: Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Seven Characteristics of Life

A

Metabolism
Respond to Stimuli
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Evolve and adapt
Composed of cells
Homeostasis

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2
Q

all living organisms obtain and use energy to grow, develop, repair damage, and reproduce

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

What do producers do?

A

produce their own food (from CO2, H2O, and the sun) upon which the entire ecosystem depends

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4
Q

producer examples

A

plants and other photosynthetic organisms

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5
Q

What do consumers do?

A

obtain nutrients and energy from consuming the food made by producers

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6
Q

consumer examples

A

animals

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7
Q

process of building up complex substances from simpler substances

A

anabolism

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8
Q

examples of anabolism

A

building up cells and cellular components
photosynthesis

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9
Q

process of breaking down complex substances into simpler substances to release energy

A

catabolism

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10
Q

examples of catabolism

A

digestion
cellular respiration

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11
Q

all chemical reactions occurring within an organism

A

metabolism

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12
Q

anabolism + catabolism = ?

A

metabolism

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13
Q

something a living thing reacts to

A

stimuli

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14
Q

examples of stimuli

A

light
temperature
odor
sound
gravity
heat
water
pressure

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15
Q

to get bigger in size

A

growth

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16
Q

a change in the physical form or psychological make-up of an organism

A

development

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17
Q

the process of producing new organisms of the same type

A

reproduction

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18
Q

a single parent organism reproducing by itself

A

asexual reproduction

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19
Q

two different parent organisms contribute genetic information
involves the combination of male and female sex cells

A

sexual reproduction

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20
Q

what do all organisms pass along?

A

hereditary traits

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21
Q

carry hereditary information
are composed of DNA

A

genes

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22
Q

why do children resemble their parents?

A

hereditary!

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23
Q

changes DNA code and can be passed from generation to generation

A

mutations

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24
Q

how do living things evolve

A

through adaptation

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25
Q

how can the unity and diversity of organisms be explained?

A

through the mechanisms of evolution

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26
Q

a process that enables organisms to become better suited to their environment

A

adaptation

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27
Q

how do species obtain adaptation

A

through evolution over great periods of time

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28
Q

example of evolution and adaptation

A

desert plants have succulent, waxy leaves and stems to store water and reduce water loss, as well as prickly leaves

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29
Q

what are organized to form cells?

A

organic molecules

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30
Q

Life’s basic units of structure and function

A

cells

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31
Q

entire organism is made up of one single cell

A

unicellular organisms

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32
Q

examples of unicellular organisms

A

bacteria
protists

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33
Q

organism is made up of many cells
cells have specialized functions within the organism

A

multicellular organism

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34
Q

ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions

A

homeostasis

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35
Q

examples of homeostasis

A

water balance
temperature regulation in humans

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36
Q

all _______ systems contribute to homeostasis

A

organ

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37
Q

animals could come from non-living sources

A

abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

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38
Q

what does abiogenesis need for it to work

A

the atmosphere “active principle” needed to act on the non-living substance

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39
Q

did experiments with rotting meat to disprove abiogenesis

A

francesco redi

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40
Q

what did critics say about redi’s experiment?

A

lack of active principle

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41
Q

used meat broth flask to prove abiogenesis

A

john needham

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42
Q

why was john needham’s experiment faulty?

A

there was a loose seal

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43
Q

disproved needham’s experiment by boiling the flasks longer and sealing them shut, eventually doing timed boilings

A

lazzaro spallanzani

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44
Q

critiques of lazzaro spallanzani’s experiment

A

boiled too long
sealed the flask which means active principle wont work

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45
Q

used swan-necked flask to completely squash abiogenesis completely

A

louis pasteur

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46
Q

hypothesized that life began in the oceans on early earth between 3.9 to 3.5 billion years ago

A

alexander oparin

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47
Q

how is life created through alexander oparin’s hypothesis?

A

simple organic molecules containing carbon formed
energy from sun, lightning, and earth’s heat triggered chemical reactions to produce small organic molecules
molecules were organized by chance into complex organic molecules that are essential to life

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48
Q

complex organic molecules that are essential to life

A

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

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49
Q

attempted to prove alexander oparin’s hypothesis

A

stanley miller and harold urey

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50
Q

an experiment attempting to simulate early earth conditions

A

miller-urey experiment

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51
Q

proposed the endosymbiont theory

A

lynn margulis

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52
Q

explains origin of eukaryote cells and prokaryote cells

A

endosymbiont theory

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53
Q

explain endosymbiont theory

A

prokaryotes entered a host cell and the cells become mutually beneficial
prokaryotes eventually become organelles in the eukaryotic cell

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54
Q

evidence of endosymbiont theory

A

look at the organelles of mitochondia and chloroplasts
like prokaryotes they:
contain their own DNA
have ribosomes that resemble
reproduce by fission

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55
Q

observed “cells” in cork. coined the term cell

A

robert hook

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56
Q

credited with the first microscope development

A

anton van leeuwenhoek

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57
Q

concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838)

A

matthias schleiden

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58
Q

concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839)

A

theodore schwann

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59
Q

concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells (1855)

A

rudolf virchow & robert remak

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60
Q

cell theory…go!

A

all living things are made up of cells
cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
new cells are produced from existing cells

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61
Q

ocular and objective lenses for compound maginification
uses light to pass through image

A

compound microscope

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62
Q

produces 3D images
uses electrons to pass through image
electrons have shorter wavelengths than light, therefore scatter less and create a clearer image

A

scanning electron microscope

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63
Q

produces 2D images
uses electrons to pass through image

A

transmission electron microscope

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64
Q

why is oil used with microscopes

A

the denser oil limited the scattering of light, providing a clear image

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65
Q

most powerful oil immersion lenses are capable of magnifying an image of _____

A

2000X

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66
Q

most oil immersion lenses magnify an image ______

A

1000X

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67
Q

what is required to increase magnification?

A

thicker lenses

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68
Q

what makes electron microscope have better magnification than light microscope

A

the 100000 times shorter wave length of the electrons is scattered less, producing sharper images

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69
Q

removes air molecules that absorb electrons and cause deflection

A

vacuum pump

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70
Q

what is the gold used for in a SEM

A

to produce a sharper image. specimen are often coated with a thin layer of it

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71
Q

power of ocular lens

A

10X

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72
Q

power of low objecive lens

A

4X

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73
Q

power of medium objective lens

A

10X

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74
Q

power of high objective lens

A

40X

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75
Q

regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen

A

diaphragm

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76
Q

movement under a microscope is…

A

opposite

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77
Q

what does the intial/primary magnification in a compound microscope

A

objective lens

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78
Q

what does the secondary magnification in a compound microscope

A

ocular lens

79
Q

three domains that contain all living things

A

archae, bacteria, eukaryota

80
Q

LUCA

A

last
universal
common
ancestor

81
Q

shows branching patterns.
length of branch is meaningless.
order of branches shows organisms with common ancestors

A

cladograms

82
Q

a group of organisms with a common ancestor

A

clade

83
Q

shows branch order and lengths.
the length of branch represents the length of time organisms diverged in their lineage

A

phylogenetic trees

84
Q

coined the term biology and invertebrae
suggested organisms acquire or lose traits based on how much they use them in their lives

A

jean baptiste lamarck

85
Q

showed that increases in population will eventaully diminish the ability of the world to feed itself
more population = fewer resources

A

thomas robert malthus

86
Q

came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection
worked on biogeography which provided evidence for natural selection

A

alfred russel wallace

87
Q

proposed continents had once been connected — theory of continetal drift
identical fossil plants and animals had been discovered on opposite sides of the atlantic

A

Alfred wegner

88
Q

Key author of the synthetic theory of evolution (humans genetically design DNA = manipulate DNA/changes in genetics); AKA Modern Synthesis of Evolution Theory
stated that evolution is defined as change in allele frequency within the gene pool

A

Theodosius Dobzhansky

89
Q

Development of the endosymbiont theory of the origin of cells

A

Lynn margulis

90
Q

Biologist who criticized sociobiology, offering explanations based on culture rather than on genetics and evolution
Created the theory of punctuated equilibrium

A

Stephen jay gould

91
Q

From his study of ants, he surmised that what seems to be altruistic self-sacrifice may paradoxically promote genetic flourish “social behaviour has resulted from evolution”

A

E.O wilson

92
Q

the process by which populations of living things change over a series of generations. Change over time

A

Evolution

93
Q

Study of fossils

A

Paleontology

94
Q

Represent species that have become extinct or organisms that have undergone very little change over long periods of time

A

fossils

95
Q

parts of an organism that are most likely to be fossilized

A

teeth, shells, bones

96
Q

some ways of fossilization

A

Deep freeze
Impression/imprints
Tracks made in soft mud
Fecal material
Entrapment and embedment in amber
Old tar pits

97
Q

Cell cavities and intracellulaire spaces of the skeletal material of animals or plants are replaced with mineral material such as silica, calcite or iron compounds

A

Petrified fossil

98
Q

type of rock that usually holds a lot of fossils

A

sendimentary rock

99
Q

a relative time scale for dating rocks and fossils

A

Geological time scale

100
Q

Eras in order from most recent to oldest

A

Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Proterozoic
Archean

101
Q

Era, period and epoch we live in

A

Cenozoic
Quarternary
Recent

102
Q

Era of the dinosaurs

A

Mesozoic

103
Q

Calculates the ages of rocks and fossils by measurements of the decay of radioactive isotopes more accurately

A

Radioactive dating

104
Q

The time required for half of the atoms of radioactive substance to become disintegrated

A

Half-life

105
Q

How old is earth?

A

4.5 billion years

106
Q

When did life on earth first appear?

A

3.5 billion years

107
Q

in an undisturbed sequence of rocks, the oldest rocks will be on the bottom, with successively younger rock on top of these

A

Law of superposition

108
Q

A relative time scale that divides the earth history into a number of sections based on geological and biological events

A

Geological time scale

109
Q

Comparing one thing to another to determine relative age. It doesn’t give an exact age

A

Relative dating

110
Q

the study of similarities of embryos between different species

A

Embryology

111
Q

Same origin but different functions

A

Homologous structures

112
Q

Examples of homologous structures

A

Flipper of a seal, leg of a pig, wing of bat, human arm all have the same bone structures but different functions

113
Q

Similar functions and appearance but not the same origin

A

Analogous structures

114
Q

Examples of analogous structures

A

Wing of a bird and butterfly are both used for flight but their make up is different

115
Q

Functional make up between organisms can be quite similar

A

Physiological evidence

116
Q

Example of physiological evidence for evolution

A

Hormones in sheep and pigs can be injected into humans

117
Q

Chemical makeup between organisms can be quite similar

A

Biochemical evidence for evolution

118
Q

Example of biochemical evidence for evolution

A

Organisms in the same genes share similar DNA and proteins

119
Q

Vestigial features:

A

Ridges of nose, appendix, tailbone

120
Q

An organism that could be an evolutionary link between groups of different organisms

A

Intermediate species

121
Q

Examples of intermediate species

A

Archaeopteryx
Platypus

122
Q

One super continent

A

Pangea

123
Q

Continents shifted apart. Explains why certain organisms are only found in specific continents

A

Continental drift

124
Q

example of continental drift

A

Marsupials

125
Q

Narrow strips of land that connected certain continents and this is why animals were able to migrate from one continent to another

A

Land bridges

126
Q

Examples of land bridges

A

Moose are found in both Europe and North America

127
Q

How animals got to the island

A

Island biogeography

128
Q

Examples of island biogeography

A

Fly
Swim
Ice or land bridges
Rafting on vegetation or ice flows

129
Q

Why rock formations and botany are similar between continents

A

Continental drift

130
Q

Charles Darwin’s voyage:

A

At age 22 he joined the “HMS Beagle” as the ships naturalist in a 5 year voyage

131
Q

What island did Darwin make a discovery

A

Galapagos Islands

132
Q

Which bird did Darwin take note of

A

Finches

133
Q

What did he notice about the birds?

A

There were 14 different species based on beak shapes
Beaks had adapted to feeding habits

134
Q

What assumption did Charles Darwin make about the birds?

A

The different species had evolved from one common ancestor

135
Q

Who concluded that species evolve by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
Thomas Malthus

136
Q

Name of the book Charles Darwin published about natural selection

A

On the origin of species

137
Q

4 principles about natural selection

A

Variation
Adaptation
Overproduction
Reproductive advantage / descent with modification

138
Q

Heritable differences that exist in every population are the basis for natural selection

A

Variation

139
Q

A trait that helps and organism survive and reproduce

A

Adaptation

140
Q

The number of offspring produce by a species is greater than the number that can survive. Competition is key

A

Overproduction

141
Q

Those that are best adapted to their environment are better able to compete, survive, and reproduce to pass on their traits

A

Reproductive advantage / descent with modification

142
Q

Belgian blue is?

A

A type of cow
Selectively chosen trait was more muscle

143
Q

Who was Secretariat?

A

A race horse who between 1973 and 1989 was used for breeding in the hopes that his genes would be passed on to future generations

144
Q

Example of vegetables that resulted from selective breeding to produce what we have today.

A

Large, dark orange carrots.

145
Q

Which bird has provided a number of different bird varieties

A

Pigeon

146
Q

Which plant produces cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale and kohlrabi through artificial selection

A

Wild mustard

147
Q

Banana result of artificial selection

A

Less seeds than wild bananas

148
Q

Corn result of artificial selection

A

Tesosinte is wild corn that humans have selectively bred to produce larger cobs with more kernels

149
Q

Why are chicken artificially selected?

A

An 8 week growth period can vary drastically in the organisms size. Selecting the faster growing organism so that we can benefit from its products sooner.

150
Q

What are dogs descendants of

A

Grey wolf (canis lupus)

151
Q

Why were wolves artificially selected?

A

They would eat carcasses from hunting kills
Those that were aggressive were killed off and milder ones were not
Breeding the mild mannered dogs led to domesticated dogs
Size, skulls and coloration to create different varieties

152
Q

Dangers of artificial selection:

A

Putting animals at health risk
Inability of some species to give birth naturally
Basset hound has problem with excessive skin
Daschund has a higher risk for paralysis
Boxer has difficulty breathing and one of the highest cancer rates
St. Bernard has large amount of skin and fur making them unable to work without becoming too hot
Faster horses means breeding for longer and thinner bones. Weaker and more susceptible to breaking.

153
Q

a change in allele frequencies due to chance

A

Genetic drift

154
Q

A trait of an organism

A

Allele

155
Q

A genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the population

A

Bottleneck effect

156
Q

Example of bottleneck effect

A

The overhunting of northern elephant seals during the 1800s.
By 1990s, population was 20 seals
These seals did not represent the genetic diversity of the original population. Now, population is 100000 seals after hunting ended. However, it has little genetic variation. Certain alleles have become fixed while others have become completely lost from the gene pool.

157
Q

A genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals become isolated from population
The gene pools of these populations are often very different than longer populations

A

Founder effect

158
Q

Example of founder effect

A

Bird carries seeds to a new location from a diverse flower population. These seeds “found” a new population.
Alleles for the specific flower increase in the new small population through genetic drift.

159
Q

Effects of genetic drift

A

population loses genetic variation
alleles that are lethal in homozygous individuals may be carried by heterozygous individuals and hence, become more common in the gene pool due to chance alone.

160
Q

The rise of two or more species from one existing species

A

Speciation

161
Q

Gene flow between two populations stop for any reason

A

Isolation

162
Q

When members of different populations can no longer mate successfully. Sometimes they are not physically able to mate with eachother. Other cases, they cannot produce offspring that survive and reproduce

A

Reproductive isolation

163
Q

The final step of becoming separate species

A

Reproductive isolation

164
Q

Example of reproductive isolation

A

Fruit flies with different alleles after migrating

165
Q

Isolation caused by differences in courtship and mating behaviours
(chemical scents, courtship, dances of birds, courtship, songs of frogs, etc.)

A

Behavioural barriers of isolated populations

166
Q

Example of behavioral isolation

A

Over 2000 species of fireflies are isolated, this way, male and female, fire flies produced patterns of flashes to attract mates of their own species.

167
Q

Physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups (rivers, mountains, lake, beds, etc. )

A

Geographic barriers

168
Q

Example of geographic barriers

A

The formation of the Isthmus of Panama created a barrier for marine species. The isolated populations become genetically different. Snapping shrimp will snap at the opposite sides of the Isthmus instead of mating. They are classified as different species.

169
Q

When timing prevents reproduction between populations. Reproductive periods may change to a different time of the year or a different part of the day. Leads to speciation.

A

Temporal barriers in isolated populations

170
Q

Example of a temporal barrier

A

Two tree species that grow on the Monterey peninsula in California are very closely related however, they have different pollination periods. Monterey Pine – February. Bishop Pine – April.

171
Q

What cannot be predicted?

A

Mutations
Genetic drift

172
Q

Why is natural selection not random?

A

Acts on genetic diversity.

173
Q

Evolution towards similar characteristics in unrelated species

A

Convergent evolution

174
Q

Example of convergent evolution

A

Tail fin of fish and marine mammals. Sharks and dolphins - they are seperated by about 300 million years of evolution.

175
Q

When closely related species evolve in different directions, they become increasingly different

A

Divergent evolution

176
Q

Example of divergent evolution

A

Red fox and kit fox. Closely related, but different appearances as a result of adapting to different environments

177
Q

The process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in eachother

A

Coevolution

178
Q

Example of coevolution

A

Relationship between ant and the acacia plant. Ant lives inside hollow thorn and protects acacia by sting any potential predators.

179
Q

Species responds to pressure from the other through better adaptations over many generations

A

Evolutionary arms race

180
Q

Example of evolutionary arms race

A

Plants producing defense chemicals to discourage herbivores from eating them. Natural selection then favours herbivores that can overcome the effects of the chemicals. After many generations most herbivores have some level of resistance and are again able to safely eat the plant. Natural Selection then Favour’s plants that have evolved even more potent chemicals.

181
Q

Elimination of a species from earth
Often occurs when a species as a whole is unable to adapt to change in its environment

A

Extinction

182
Q

Extinctions that occur continuously but at a low rate, rough at the same rate as speciation

A

Background extinction

183
Q

Part of the cycle of life on earth

A

Background extinction

184
Q

Example of background extinctions

A

Introduction of a new predator or decrease in food supply

185
Q

More intense and rare extinctions
Occur at a global level
Destroy many species even entire orders or families

A

Mass extinctions

186
Q

Example of mass extinctions

A

Catastrophic event such as ice age, asteroid impact

187
Q

How many mass extinctions had there been

A

Fossil record confirms 5 in the past 600 million years

188
Q

Episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change

A

Punctuated equilibrium

189
Q

Who proposed punctuated equilibrium?

A

Niles Eldridge and Stephen Jay Gould in 1972

190
Q

The diversification of one ancestral species into many descendent species
Usually adapted to a wide range of environments

A

Adaptive radiation

191
Q

Example of adaptive radiation

A

Radiation of mammals following the mass extinction of dinosaurs.they used to coexist. Once they were gone the once nocturnal, tiny and only eating insects mammals now have evolved to a variety of mammal species.

192
Q

Selection and variation that happens more gradually
Population slowly, constantly, consistently changes.

A

Gradualism

193
Q

Change comes in spurts
Period of very little change, then one or a few huge changes occur

A

Punctuated equilibrium

194
Q

How does Punctuated equilibrium usually occur

A

Through helpful mutations in the genes

Biology 30 (1 decks)

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