unit 1 english lan Flashcards
Name function of language
6 functions:
Referential
Emotive
Conative
Poetic
Phatic
Metalinguistic.
Referential function
One of the main functions of language, the referential function is the sharing of
information with an intended audience. This information may or may not be true, but the language user presents the message as factual and objective, commonly using declarative sentences
Emotive function
The emotive function allows users to express emotions and desires. It’s
sometimes referred to as the expressive function. This function usually relates to the addresser and their presentation of emotion - real or not.The purest demonstration is thorugh an interjection(YAY)
Conative function
The conative function typically involves directions, questions and commands. Messages with a conative function aim to cause the addressee (the audience) to react in some way.That anything that has intention to make you do an action or persuade you.A sentence may sound referential inrelation to function however may serve as conative function as it is indirectly making you so smth.
Poetic function
The poetic function focuses on the formation ofthe message itself, rather than on the addresser or addressee. It is sometimes referred to as the aesthetic
function because it concerns the beauty or wit of the text’s composition.
Phatic function
Texts that have a phatic function are designed to create and maintain social
connections between the addresser and the addressee. These messages tend to be somewhat meaningless outside a social context and the focus is on the contact.
Metalinguistic function
A text that has a metalinguistic function describes language itself, such as using
the metalanguage ‘nouns’ and ‘vowels’.The metalinguistic function allows speakers to check whether they have been
understood or are using the right code (type of language) for the conversation
Register
describes the way in which an addresser intentionally alters their language to better suit tje situation.IT can involve all features of language formality.
Tenor
refers to the relationship between the participants communicating with each other.
dependeds on:
the proffesional role
status between speaker whather they are equal or not
strangers or not
feild
very braod topic
morpheme
small unit of linguistic meaning of funtion
morphology
the study of internal structure of words and the process which words are formed
root (morpheme)
capture primary meaning of words
free morpheme
can stand alone as a words
bound morpheme
rely on root or stem to make word
dervitional
creates a new word, with different meaning, from the stem or root aattached to it.
inflectional
is a bound morpheme that attaches grammatical
properties to a word, such as tense (in verbs), number (in nouns) or possession
(in nouns and pronouns). Inflectional affixes don’t affect the fundamental
meaning or form of the root word.
Text type
advertisements letters poems
cartoons liturgies
political
debates
novels
commentary
emails
plays
radio broadcasts
lectures
podcasts
reports
lexicon and lexeme
its complete
set of meaningful units
one unit of
meaning, usually a word,
Subject description (type of pronoun)
Replaces a noun or noun phrase that is
in the subject position in a sentence
Object (type of pronoun)
Replaces a noun or noun phrase that is
in the object position in a sentence
Reflexive (pronoun)
Contains the suffix ‘-self’ or ‘-selves’;
used to refer to another noun or pronoun
in the same sentence. Can demonstrate
that someone is doing something alone,
without any assistance from others, and
can also be used as an intensive pronoun
(a pronoun that emphasises the subject
of a sentence)
Interrogative (tyoe of pronoun)
Used to introduce a question.
Interrogative pronouns include ‘what’,
‘which’, ‘who’, ‘whom’ and ‘whose’.
Verbs(v)
Critical in conveying information, verbs express actions, states or occurrences
At the highest level, you can consider verbs as representing actions in relation
to time -that is, past, present and future (marked by a modal auxiliary).
Infinitives
he infinitive form of a verb allows the verb to be used as a noun, an adjective
or an adverb. Infinitives are generally formed by adding the word ‘to’ before the base form of the verb. We often use the infinitive to discuss actions that haven’t actually occurred yet(to go)(to help)(to eat)
Auxiliary verbs
An auxiliary verb is a ‘helping’ verb - one that supports the main verb of a sentence
primary auxiliary:tenses that werent conveyed by the inflectional morphemes on main verb.3 primary auxiliary verb BE, HAVE and DO.
Modal auxiliary verbs:show possibility CAN COULD WILL WOULD SHALL WOULD
Adverbs
Adverbs help to describe, modify or qualify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and whole phrases or sentences. They answer questions such as ‘When?’, ‘Where?’,
‘How?’, ‘How often?’, ‘How long?’ and ‘How much?’
preposition
expresses a relationship between a noun and another word, phrase or element in a sentence. In a way, it ‘sets up’ (pre) a ‘position’
between two elements, in relation to time, space (both conceptual and spatial)
and location.
Determiners
A determiner is a word that’s placed in front of a noun and helps to clarify the noun, specify quantity or indicate possession.
Article:the,a,an
Quantifier:all, a lot, many, most, much, some
Demonstrative:this, that, these, those
Posssessive:my, your, her, his, its, our, their
interjection
a word or phrase that expresses feelings, and sometimes requests or demands.(oh my!)
types of sentences:
Declarative-A declarative sentence is framed as a statement of fact; it declares something.
Interrogative-Interrogative sentences are framed in the form of questions, ending with a
question mark
Imperative-Imperative sentences act as commands, instructions or requests.
Exclamative-Exclamative sentences express emotions such as fear, excitement or surprise.
simple sentence
Simple sentences contain a single clause that consists of a subject and a
predicate. The clause contains all ofthe information required to convey meaning
sentence structure names
simple, compound, complex, compound-complex and fragment.
Compound sentences
Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses that are joined together using a coordinator.
Compound-complex sentence
Compound-complex sentences are a combination of compound sentences and
complex sentences. These sentences contain at least two independent clauses
that have been joined by a coordinator and at least one dependent clause that’s been joined by a subordinator.
Complex sentences
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. The dependent clause is created by joining it to the
independent clause using a subordinator
fragment
Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences - missing either the subject or the predicate. However, the fragment still makes sense within the text as a whole.
Examples
I can’t even.
Eat. Sleep. Rinse. Repeat
(no complete clauses)
prosodic features
Pitch (women tend to have high pitch)(lower when we wish to sound serious or authoritative)
intonation
stress
tempo
volume
connected speech processing
vowel reduction: vowel sounds change
and the quality is consequently reduced
The initial and final
/e/ vowel sounds are reduced to a schwa: a short, unstressed sound represented
elision-omission of unstressed vowel
insertion:Consider how a speaker would naturally say ‘Anna ate a pancake’: ‘ate’
assimilation:make sound similar to the neighbouring one.