Unit 1 Element 3 Flashcards
External parts of the plant
Alternating, Spiral, Opposite, Decussate, Whorled?
Name the plant, and the type of leaf arrangement
Japanese knotweed
Reynoutria japonicasyn.Fallopia japonica
Alternating leaf arrangement
Alternating, Spiral, Opposite, Decussate, Whorled?
Name the plant, and the type of leaf arrangement
Bog myrtle
Myrica gale
Spiral leaf arrangement
Alternating, Spiral, Opposite, Decussate, Whorled?
Name the plant, and the type of leaf arrangement
Katsura tree
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Opposite leaf arrangement
Alternating, Spiral, Opposite, Decussate, Whorled?
Name the plant, and the type of leaf arrangement
Monkey flower
Mimulus guttatus
Whorled leaf arrangement
Name the plant
Gray’s Lilly
Lilium grayi
SIMPLE: Simple-Pinnatified-Pinnatisect-Palmate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Common beech
Fagus sylvatica
Example of a Simple leaf shape
SIMPLE: Simple-Pinnatified-Pinnatisect-Palmate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Common oak
Quercus robur
Example of a simple Pinnatifid leaf shape
SIMPLE: Simple-Pinnatified-Pinnatisect-Palmate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale
Example of a simple Pinnatisect leaf shape
SIMPLE: Simple-Pinnatified-Pinnatisect-Palmate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Japanese maple
Acer palmatum
Example of a simple Palmate leaf shape
COMPOUND: Trifoliolate- Compound palmate-Pinnate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
False shamrock
Oxalis triangularis
Example of a compound Trifoliolate leaf shape
COMPOUND: Trifoliolate- Compound palmate-Pinnate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
White clover
Trifolium repens
Example of a compound Trifoliolate leaf shape
COMPOUND: Trifoliolate- Compound palmate-Pinnate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Horse chestnut
Aesculus hippocastanum
Example of a Compound palmate leaf shape
COMPOUND: Trifoliolate- Compound palmate-Pinnate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Rowan
Sorbus aucuparia
Example of a compound Pinnate leaf shape
COMPOUND: Trifoliolate- Compound palmate-Pinnate
Name the plant and the leaf shape
Sweet cicely
Myrrhis odorata
Example of a compound Tripinnate/3-pinnate leaf shape
Name the plant and leaf shape
Sacred lotus
Nelumbo nucifera
Peltate leaf shape, where the petiole comes out of the bottom of the lamina not the side, creating a bowl shape.
Name the plant and type of leaf margin
Silver birch
Betula pendula
Dentate leaf margin, toothed.
Name the plant type. What is notable about its leaf colour?
Lesser celadine (wild type, not a cultivar)
Ficaria verna
Its leaf colour can vary within its species/cultivars (e.g. purple not green).
Name the plant type. What is notable about its leaf colour?
Ficaria verna ‘Brazen Hussy’
This is a dark purple-leaved cultivar of Ficaria verna.
Name the plant, and comment on its leaf pattern/colours
Aucuba japonica ‘Crotonifolia’, a variegated form of Aucuba japonica (Japanese laurel)
Leaves with a pattern of different colours are “variegated”
Name the plant, and comment on its leaf surface
Gunnera manicata (Brazilian giant-rhubarb), a species of flowering plant in the family Gunneraceae
Its leaves have a rough, wrinkled, folded texture called “corrugate”
Name the plant. Are its leaves glabrous?
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
Yes, glabrous leaves have no hairs or spines on their surfaces.
Photosynthesis…
What is the name of this item at the base of the leaf/top of the petiole, and what does it allow the leaf to do?
Pulvinus: it allows the leaf to follow the sun during the day.
What are these tiny pores called on the underside of this leaf? And what is their purpose?
(pl.) Stomata (s. stoma), used in transpiration to allow water to evaporate
Name this tree
Araucaria araucana (monkey puzzle tree)
What is the name of this waxy coating on the leaf surface, and what function does it perform?
The waxy coating on the surface of the leaf is called the cuticle. It reduces water loss and also helps prevent disease-causing pathogens from entering the plant.
Name this plant. Discuss its bulb function.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil)
Bulbs are made up of storage leaves and allow the plant to survive from year to year through difficult seasons. This phenomenon is called perennation and succulent or storage leaves can be very helpful in this.
Name this plant. Discuss its bulb function.
Allium cepa (onion).
Bulbs are made up of storage leaves and allow the plant to survive from year to year through difficult seasons. This phenomenon is called perennation and succulent or storage leaves can be very helpful in this.
Name the plant. What function do its leaves perform?
Berberis darwinii (barberry). Its leaves afford it protection against browsing animals.
Lathyrus pratensis (meadow vetchling). The tendril is a thin extension of the petiole (main leaf stalk) sticking out at the end and can coil around neighbouring vegetation.
Name the plant. What are the specialised leaves called below the flower?
Carduus acanthoides (welted thistle). The leaves are called bracts. They protect the young flower so that no predators can eat the developing seeds inside.
Name the plant. What special leaf adaptation does it feature, and for what purpose?
Kalanchoe daigremontiana (mother of thousands, alligator plant, Mexican hat plant). Reproduction. It has small plantlets growing along the edge of its leaves - young plants in their own right, which can drop off to form entirely new plants.
Name the plant. What special leaf adaptation does it feature, and why?
Dionaea muscipula (Venus flytrap). Carnivory. The plant eats insects to obtain hard-to-find nitrogen, to make protein.
Name the plant. What special leaf adaptation does it feature, and why?
Nepenthes sanderiana (pitcher plant). Carnivory. The plant eats insects to obtain hard-to-find nitrogen, to make protein.
Name the plant/stem parts
A. Cotyledons
B.Epicotyl (stem part from cotyledons to first true leaves)
C.Hypocotyl (stem part from roots to cotyledons)
ame the plant, and its family.
Sabal mexicana (Rio Grande palmetto, Mexican palmetto).
The family is Arecaceae, commonly known as palms.
Name the plant, and its family. Discuss its stem structure.
Bambusa musa (common bamboo).
The family is Poaceae (or Gramineae), commonly known as grasses.
It uses cylindrical chambers in its stem to grow very tall and be flexible.
This is a banana. Name the family and the genus, and comment on the banana’s stem structure.
The family is Musaceae. The genus is Musa an includes 83 species of flowering plants producing edible bananas and plantains.
Though they grow as high as trees, banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent “stem” is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. Thus, they are technically gigantic herbaceous plants.
Name these typical stem features.
- Apical bud
- Axillary bud
- Node
- Internode
- Lenticels
Name this tree.
Juglans regia (common walnut)
Name this plant.
Astrantia major (greater masterwort)
Name this plant.
Corylus avellana (common hazel)
Hazel is easy to identify in winter and early spring because it bears male catkins which open to release pollen at any time between late December and late April.
Name the plant and its family.
Rubus fruticosus (blackberry).
The family is Rosaceae, the rose family.
Name the plant
Euphorbia ledienii
Stem succulent, stores water in stem.
Name this plant. Comment on the role of its broader stem.
Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea).
The broad stem captures light for photosynthesis.
Comment on the stem functions of this family.
The Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family) and some other groups, feature modified, leafless branches acting as tendrils, clinging on to surrounding vegetation.
How do eudicot and monocot roots differ?
Monocots typically have fibrous roots and no primary/tap root. Technically they are adventitious roots, arising from the base of the stem.
Eudicots typically have a primary/tap root and lateral/secondary roots branching off it.
What are these roots called?
Aerial roots, on a Pandanus utilis (screw pine). The aerial roots act as stabilising ‘prop roots’.
Name this orchid, and comment on its root system.
Vanilla planifolia - one of the primary sources for vanilla flavouring, due to its high vanillin content.
Its aerial roots are green and photosynthetic, and also help it to climb.
Name this plant. What do its roots assist the plant to do?
Hedera helix - common ivy.
Its roots help it climb.
Name this plant. What is unusual about its roots?
Rubus idaeus (red raspberry).
Its roots form buds (usually buds are only found on stems).
Name this plant. Why does it have swollen a taproot?
Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).
Swollen taproots also act as storage tissues. These storage tissues are rich in sugars, starch and other complex carbohydrates.
Not the same as underground storage stems (e.g. tubers on a potato). Roots do not have buds, but stems usually do (e.g. the ‘eyes’ on a potato).
Name this tree. What is unusual about its roots?
Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen)
The species often propagates through its roots to form large clonal groves originating from a shared root system. These roots are not rhizomes, as new growth develops from adventitious buds on the parent root system (the ortet).
Aspen bark is photosynthetic, and also contains lenticels (similar to the stomata on leaves).
Comment on the root system of these poplar trees.
They are growing from root suckers emerging along the root of an originating tree. This is an example of roots acting for reproduction purposes.
Name the plant. Why does it have roots in the air?
Pneumatophores, or breathing roots, can absorb oxygen from the air.
Taxodium distichum (swamp cypress) lives in waterlogged environments with very little oxygen in the soil. Consequently, they raise projections from their roots above the water level.
What are the circled items called and what is their role?
Root nodules are bacteria-rich nodules that can fix nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.
Name this plant
Nymphaea alba (white waterlily)
Name these two types of inflorescences.
(left) axillary
(right) terminal
Name this acquatic plant.
Menyanthes trifoliata (Bogbean)
Name the plant.
Althaea officinalis (marsh-mallow)
A confection made from the root evolved into today’s marshmallow treat,
Name the five types of flower arrangements (top left to bottom right)
- Solitary
- Cluster
- Cyme
- Umbel
- Capitulum
Name the plant. What type of inflorescence is this?
Lychnis flos-cuculi (ragged robin).
Cyme inflorescence (repeating pairs up the stem).
Name the plant. What type of inflorescence is this?
Umbel inflorescence of Allium ursinum (wild garlic)
Name the plant. What type of inflorescence is this?
Capitulum inflorescence of Calendula officinalis (marigold)
Name the four types of spike flower arrangements (top left to bottom right)
- Spike
- Raceme
- Panicle
- Corymb
Name the flower, and type of spike arrangement.
Raceme inflorescence of Aconitum napellus (monkshood)
Name the flower, and type of spike arrangement.
Corymb inflorescence of Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
Is this Rubus fruticosus (bramble) flower actinomorphic or zygomorphic?
Actinomorphic, with lots of lines of symmetry.
Is this Cytisus scoparius (broom) flower actinomorphic or zygomorphic?
Zygomorphic, with only one line of symmetry.
It is is activated for successful pollination when a bee lands on it.
Name the flower parts.
- Calyx (protective sepals)
- Corolla (attractive petals)
- Androecium (male parts)
- Gymnoecium (female parts)
i. Receptacle, attached to pedicel (flower stem)
Name this plant. Can you identify any flower parts?
Caltha palustris (marsh marigold)
What are the small green cup-like structures on this Helleborus?
The large white attractive sepals look like petals, but the true petals have been reduced down to small green cup-like structures that hold nectar (nectaries) to attract pollinators.
Name the plant. Are its organs all petaloid, and thus it has tepals?
Lilium auratum (golden-rayed lily).
Yes, tepals.
Name the plant. Comment on its petals.
Brugmansia suaveolens (Angel’s Trumpet).
Its flowers have fused petals, forming tubes.
Why does this Camellia cultivar not have any stamens?
The flower organs have been mutated into more petals (for show), and it now needs artifical propagation. No stamens!
Name all the arrowed flower parts on this eudycot flower.
Name the labelled parts on this monocotyledonous flower
Monocots often do not have distinct petals and sepals, but have tepals instead.
Name this plant. Define perfect flowers.
Prunus yedoensis (Japanese cherry)
Perfect flowers are bisexual and hermaphrodite meaning they have both male and female parts in the same flower.
Floral sexes:
Define monoecious
Around 10% of the flowering plants, and many of the conifers, are monoecious. That means they have separate sexes but on the same plant.
The photo shows male and female pine cones on a shoot. The male cones produce pollen and the female cones contain ovules that develop into seeds.
