Unit 1: Early America Flashcards
Location, foods, known for:
Pueblo, Bonito
New Mexico
Maize (corn)
Huge, multi story dwelling (apartments, holy place, garbage pits; basically a city)
Location, foods, known for:
California Pacific Northwestern
California
Foraging (berries etc)
Follow buffalo and or farm
Location, foods, known for:
Cahokia
Eastern US
Fish, hunt, farm
3 sisters (maize, beans, squash)
Huge dirt mound
What was race like in Native Americans
Hundreds of different languages, religions, and politics
Did not view themselves as different races, rather “these are the people I (hunt/farm/live/etc) with
4 similarities with Native life
SPIRITUALITY in natural world and daily activities (rivers have spirits, ceremonies for hunting)
LAND & PROPERTY land granted to sedentary ppl for farming, otherwise for everyone, not bought
STATUS based on willingness to give, potlach from leader w most to give away
GENDER RELATIONS matrilineal (join wife’s fam), most important man is the mothers brother
Why did Europeans sailors more than others
Some countries didnt have the technologies or the need to
Europe just went through Black Death plague and famine
- people were dying and they hadn’t been trading, they wanted in (so Portugal started down Africa)
Christopher Columbus, sailor of slave trading, 1492
Permission to sail
Asked king of Portugal about his plans - No
Asked Spain - No 1st because of religious wars
-then said yes if he would go and spread Christianity, and keep journal
What was interesting about Columbus claiming the Americas?
1st to actually claim a place
Didn’t write about culture (thought they had none)
Spread fast because of printing press
Biological globalization
Definition, pros, and cons
The shuffling around of plants, animals, and microbes
-pros - new crops and animals
-cons -a lot of diseases spread to those without immunity
- further spread from borders when people run away from mistreatment trying to warn others
- foreigners thought God was “clearing the way for them”
How did the Europeans view Native Americans?
Noble savages (strong and bronze) OR barbarians
Shifted to just barbarians
3 main reasons Europeans viewed Native Americans this way
- RELIGION no real religion, “must be devil worship” + bible say to exploit the land
- LAND USE natives “don’t use the land” so its okay others use it + Pope told Spanish its theirs
- GENDER RELATIONS native men fish and hunt, which is leisure for Europeans, “they are lazy” + women farm and own stuff, “ men are weak they should be doing it + nude, don’t practice couverture(men cover wife who’s no longer independent)
What did the painting by Amerigo Vespucci depict
Barbarians, cannibalism
Nude woman “sexually available”
Bringing technology and religion to them
Who were Conquistadors
Spanish settlers, meaning conquerors
Urban, building cities on top of cities
What is a Vice Roy
Appointed from Spain to come and rule colonies
What are Haciendas
Big houses with a large amount of land
Indigenous people were forced to work for them
What was the Encomienda System
Land is granted for soldiers etc which includes the people living there
-provide protection (and convert to Catholicism) in exchange for goods and labor
Similar to feudalism
Why did they want to convert people in the 1500s
1500, Reformation happening in Europe,
People were breaking away from the Catholic Church, so they wanted to convert more people
Imperialism- wanted obedient Catholic servants
Bartolome de Las Casas
Who was he, what did he believe
Against this
He had an encomienda and let them all go because he realized it was immoral and against church teachings
Believes Spain has a right to conquer, but must still treat Natives as citizens
What was the impact of Bartolome de las Casas
Abolishment of encomienda system, Natives are now “free”
BLACK LEGEND - what Spanish treatment of Native Americans was called
- made them look brutal and also look like Catholicism was spreading too fast
- Europeans had the right tips challenge them
What was the hierarchy
Describe each term
- PENINSULARES (people born in Spain)
- CRIOLLOS (Spanish decent born in America)
- MESTIZOS (kids of Spanish + natives)*
- MULATOES (kids of Spaniards +Natives)
- INDOS (kids of 2 indo parents)
- NEGROES(kids of 2 African parents)
What were the French Goals?
(Similar to Spain)
1.Find northwest passage(through pacific to Asia)
2. Find gold and silver
When and by who was Quebec founded?
1608 by Samuel de Champlain
Company of New France
3000 French people living in Canada
What was an indentured servant and what was there purpose
When a wealthy person pays for your travel to the new world+food+shelter in exchange for work for them
Purpose: get people to come over and stay
(By 1700, only 19,000 French in New France
Why didn’t French ppl stay in the new world
-not making enough money
- cold, natives there
-when people go back, they talk about the horrible times
- French stopped pushing it to keep their population
What was the relationship between French and Native Americans like?
-more reliant on NA bc less of them + they know the land
-mixing cultures and marriages
-allies formed, respect
-(French more so adopted native customs)
Syncretism
Mixing of religion
Métis
Kids of French +native American parents
Became interpreters, guides, and traders bc bilingual
2 Dutch colonies
1609, Butch East India Co. Henry Hudson, Albany, Ny (new Netherlands)
Dutch West India Co. settles in manhattan island ny
What was the Joint stock company and why did the Dutch invent it?
Like shares for ships, which was very risky, but this way if something happens, everyone looses a little bit instead of 1 loosing everything.
Why were the Dutch friendly
How
They had gained freedom from Spain in 1906,
So they didn’t want to be like Spain’s black legend
+ small population (9000)
Freedom of press and freedom of religion
Purpose of new Netherlands
Make money,
Ex, trading
Why did England come over and where?
Why- crisis w civil war and Henry the 8th new religion
Where - 1607, Jamestown, Virginia
Fort sponsored by Virginia Company
Why did England come over and where?
Why- crisis w civil war and Henry the 8th new religion
Where - 1607, Jamestown, Virginia
Fort sponsored by Virginia Company
Why- to look for gold! Not meant for settlement
Why - gain power and standing in Europe
Why- stop spread of Catholicism
What was the Enclosure Movement
What does it cause
Lands fenced off out of use
People flock to cities bc, pushed out. Too crowded. Move out of england
What was the Enclosure Movement
What does it cause
Lands fenced off out of use
People
Jamestown
Not a promising start, 80% death rate,
Tobacco industry saved them
1619 enslaved people come to VA on white lion
1619 house of Buresfes - 1st voting system (to attract English men)
Head right program - pay for ticket get 50 acres land per person
1624 goes bankrupt
Puritans (New England colonies)
Made to mirror English life for people to SETTLE
why- to clean up the Anglican church back home
Puritans (New England colonies)
Made to mirror English life for people to SETTLE
why- to clean up the Anglican church back home
Pilgrims
Puritan group of separatists- wanted to leave Anglican Church all together
1620 set up Plymouth colonies to settle
150 ppl on Mayflower to VA cape cod
41 men must sign mayflower compact- abide by all rules - 1st form of gov
Natives already cleared
Massachusetts Bay colony 1629
Wanted to further puritan goals
Great migration- mass left England - families, v stable - older, gender balance
Healthy land
Population doubles in 27 years, 1700s = 91,000 whites
