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Higher Biology (SQA) > Unit 1: DNA & The Genome - Key Area 3: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Unit 1: DNA & The Genome - Key Area 3: Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

synthesis of different mature transcripts from the same primary transcript

A

alternative RNA splicing

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2
Q

unit of polypeptide structure

A

amino acid

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3
Q

sequence of three bases on tRNA that specifies an animo acid

A

anticodon

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4
Q

position on a tRNA molecule at which a specific amino acid binds

A

attachment site

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5
Q

sequence of three based on mRNA that specifies an animo acid

A

codon

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6
Q

includes: light, temperature, nutrients and other factors which can affect the phenotype of an organism

A

environmental factors

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7
Q

sequence of DNA that codes for part of a protein

A

exon

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8
Q

DNA sequence which codes for a protein

A

gene

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9
Q

transcription and translation of genetic information in a gene to produce a specific protein

A

gene expression

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10
Q

non-coding sequence of DNA within a gene

A

intron

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11
Q

carries a copy of the DNA code to a ribosome

A

mature mRNA

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12
Q

alternative term for mature mRNA

A

mature transcript

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13
Q

various chemical links joining amino acids and giving protein molecules their shape

A

molecular interactions

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14
Q

strong chemical links which join amino acids in the primary structure of polypeptides

A

peptide bonds

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15
Q

outward appearance of an organism

A

phenotype

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16
Q

short strand of amino acids

A

polypeptide

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17
Q

molecule made when DNA is transcribed

A

primary transcript

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18
Q

type of RNA that makes up ribosomes

A

rRNA

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19
Q

sugar component of an RNA nucleotide

A

ribose sugar

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20
Q

site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and protein

A

ribosome

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21
Q

ribonucleic acid, which occurs in several forms in cells

A

RNA

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22
Q

enzyme involved in synthesis of primary transcripts from DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

joining of exons following the removal of introns from a primary transcript

A

RNA splicing

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24
Q

triplet transcribed from DNA to a fprimary transcript indicating the start of the gene

A

start codon

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25
Q

triplet on the primary transcript which signals a stop to translation

A

stop codon

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26
Q

copying of DNA sequence to make a primary transcription. Synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA

A

Transcription

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27
Q

transfers specific amino acids to the mRNA on the ribosomes

A

tRNA

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28
Q

production of a polypeptide using sequences of mRNA

A

translation

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29
Q

RNA base not found in DNA but complementary to Adenine in translation

A

Uracil (U)

30
Q

what are examples of protein controlling organisms

A

receptors, enzymes and hormones

31
Q

function of mRNA

A

carries the genetic information to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

32
Q

uses/ function of protein?

A

> produce pathogens
membrane: proteins are channels
structures: hair, nails, large % of skin
blood: haemoglobin protein carries oxygen in our blood

33
Q

what are the three types of RNA?

A

> mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

34
Q

differences between DNA and RNA?

A

> RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded
Instead of having Thymine as a base in RNA, it is replaced by Uracil
RNA contains ribose sugar not deoxyribose

35
Q

how is mRNA formed?

A

transcribed from DNA in the nucleus (transcription)

36
Q

function of mRNA

A

carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

37
Q

why does tRNA fold?

A

due to complementary base pairing

38
Q

function of amino acid

A

carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome

39
Q

what are the 2 sites on a tRNA molecule which other molecules can attach?

A

> 3’ end attachment site

> anti codon (exposed triplet of bases)

40
Q

what is the first step in the process of transcription/ producing mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases (only happening at the gene end to be copied)

41
Q

what is the second step in the process of transcription/ producing mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides onto the 3’ end of the growing mRNA molecule

42
Q

what is the third step in the process of transcription/ producing mRNA?

A

the RNA polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing, the base Adenine is paired with Uracil instead of Thymine.

43
Q

what is the fourth step in the process of transcription?

A

The primary transcript of mRNA then undergoes splicing where non-coding introns are removed and the remaining exons are joint together forming a mature transcript of mRNA

44
Q

what is the enzyme responsible for transcription

A

RNA polymerase

45
Q

where does the process of transcription take place

A

in the nucleus

46
Q

non-coding regions of mRNA

A

introns

47
Q

coding regions of mRNA

A

exons

48
Q

what does RNA splicing form?

A

mature mRNA transcript

49
Q

what is splicing?

A

introns are removed from the primary transcript, exons are kept and joined together to form the mature mRNA transcript

50
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained

51
Q

what is the effect of alternative splicing?

A

different proteins can be expressed from one gene as a result of alternative RNA splicing

52
Q

what is the first step of translation?

A

the mRNA molecule travels through the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome

53
Q

what is the second step of translation?

A

tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome

54
Q

what is the third step of translation?

A

each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid so the first codon of an mRNA molecule is a start codon which signals the beginning of translation

55
Q

what is the fourth step of translation?

A

A second tRNA molecule with the anti codon which has complementary base pairs to the second codon, binds to it.

56
Q

what is the fifth step of translation?

A

A peptide bond then forms between adjacent amino acids to form a polypeptide (protein)

57
Q

what is the sixth step of translation?

A

the first tRNA molecule leaves the ribosome and repeats the process to create a polypeptide chain

58
Q

what is the seventh step of translation?

A

The last codon of an mRNA molecule is a stop codon, when this is reached it signals the end of translation

59
Q

where does the modification of the primary transcript of mRNA occur

A

in the nucleus

60
Q

where does the collection of amino acids by tRNA occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

61
Q

where does the formation of codon-anti codon links occur

A

at the ribosome

62
Q

what are the subunits of protein?

A 
Carbon (C) 
Hydrogen (H) 
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N) 
Sulfur (S- only sometimes)
63
Q

how many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

64
Q

what is the length of protein molecules?

A

varies from few to many thousands

65
Q

why does folding occur in the secondary structure of protein?

A

due to the hydrogen bonds between certain amino acids in a polypeptide chain

66
Q

describe the protein primary structure

A

linked together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain

67
Q

describe the protein secondary structure

A

due to hydrogen bonds, folding occurs between certain amino acids in a polypeptide chain

68
Q

describe the protein tertiary structure

A

produced by additional bonds between amino acids in the chain e.g between sulphur atoms

69
Q

describe the protein quaternary structure

A

the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits are arranged together to form a 3D shape to carry out functions

70
Q

why do proteins have a variety of shapes?

A

because their shape is determined by their functions

71
Q

what influences phenotype?

A

environmental factors

72
Q

what is phenotype determined by?

A

proteins produced as a result of gene expression

Higher Biology (SQA) (5 decks)

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