Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things pt.2 Flashcards
3 things that all plants have in common:
- plants are eukaryotic
- plants have cell walls made of the carbohydrate cellulose
- plants use the pigment chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Ancestors of modern plants were:
aquatic, similar to green algae
Evolution of plants (adaptations):
- formation of an embryo
- adaptations to absorb sunlight by growing tall or wide
- true-water conducting tissue form (transport nutrients water and wastes)
- seeds (reduce water loss)
- seeds enclosed in fruit (strategies to disperse reproductive structures)
Most plants have life cycles that alternate between:
Haploid and diploid (both are multicellular)
Haploid
one set of chromosomes
Diploid
two identical sets of chromosomes
The haploid generation:
gametophyte, produces gametes
The diploid generation:
sporophyte, prodcues spores
In humans, the haploid and diploid are what?
haploid stage is sex cells, normal body cells are diploid
5 major groups of plants:
Green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
most diverse plant group:
angiosperms
the least amount of species diversity:
gymnosperms
green algae are:
closest living relatives of ancient plants, not in kingdom protista because of cell walls, photosynthetic pigments, and similarities to plants
Bryophytes are:
mosses and relatives, seedless, non-vascular, first land plants to evolve, short, grow in damp conditions, have no seeds, stems or any rigid support structures (gametophyte dominant generation)
Non-vascular
no special tissues for moving water upwards
Pteridophytes are:
ferns and relatives, seedless, vascular plants, phyla include; ferns, club mosses, and horsetails, sporophyte dominant generation
Gymnosperms are:
seed plants, “naked” seeds not protected in an ovary, ex. pine, fir, spruce redwood, etc. gametophytes hidden in cones, use pollen (male gametes) to be dispersed by wind (dry environment), and fertilize female cones
Angiosperms are:
flowering plants, the last group to evolve (135 million years ago), evolved to conserve water and reproduce effectively on land, enclosed seed, often pollinated by animals, ripened ovary
transpiration
release of water through leaves
how many species of fungi?
over 100,00 known species
percent of plants that have a symbiotic relationship with fungi?
80%
Fungi are:
heterotrophic, decomposers, they acquire nutrients by releasing enzymes which externally digest dead organic material, they absorb nutrients
Parasitic fungi:
80% of plant diseases are due to parasitic fungi, which absorb nutrients from living plants, and some can hunt invertebrates
lichen
are formed by symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae
Most fungi are multicellualr, exmpale of unicellular:
Yeasts
fungi made of structures called:
hyphae
Hyphae are:
tiny threads of cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and covered by cell wall
Fungi cell walls are made of:
Chitin (strong flexible carbohydrate, found in the exoskeleton of insects)
Hyphae is a single fungus that typically branches as it grows, forming:
interwoven mat called mycelium
mycelium is:
a feeding structure for fungi, cannot move by their ability
mycorrhizae are:
the fungus that forms a mutualistic association with plant roots receives sugars, proteins and lipids from plant roots
in return fungus acts like:
an extension of the plant roots, collecting essential nutrients like water and phosphorus
fungi reproductive structures include:
asexual and sexual
fungi exhibit two sexes
”+” and “-“
3 main phyla of fungi:
Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota
taxonomy is MOST heavily relied on:
reproductive structures
Zygomycota-
consists of many moulds that may grow on trees, the ground, leftover food, berries, etc. There are over 1,000 different species of mould in this phylum
Basidiomycota-
many species are used for food for animals, including humans. There are around 40,000 different kinds of mushrooms in this fungus (which also grows on trees)
Ascomycota-
Includes yeats and truffles. There are more than 30,000 different species in this phylum. Yeats is the only single celled fungi. the more complex, multicellular members of this phylum have an internal gas bladder which helps with production.
Kingdom fungi are:
- eukaryotic
- cell wall made of chitin
- most multicellular (mushrooms, moulds)
- some unicellular (yeasts)
- heterotrophs (decomposers, some parasites)
- body tissue is made of filaments called hyphae
- reproduce using spores
Fungi & Animilia
heterotrophic, and eukaryotic, both don’t have chlorophyll
Fungi & Plantae
eukaryotic, lack of mobility, reproduces asexually or sexually
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) made what?
Penicillin, fungi
lichen colonies can be how old?
up to 9000 years old, 18,000 species worldwide
algae prepare food for fungi through
photosynthesis and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for algae
which kingdoms can be affected by a virus?
all of them
a characteristic that all plants and animals share:
eukaryotic
example of a parasitic relationship is:
tar spots and corn smut
Kingdom Animalia:
- eukaryotic
- lack cell walls
- multicellular
- heterotrophs
- motile at some point in their life
- develop blastula early in their life cycle
Animals are divided into ___ phyla
35
The evolution of Animals is marked by milestones such as
- Body Plan
- Levels of Organization
- Body symmetry
- embryological development
- Segmentation
- Limbs
Body plan-
each species has a unique body structure called a body plan. A body plan includes the type of symmetry, presence of a body cavity, embryological development, segmentation, presence of a body cavity, presence of head, placement, number of limbs, movement, and presence of a backbone.
Levels of Organization-
all animals have cells, but how they are organized differs with the species, tissues join together to form organs, and complex organ systems can form in some species.
Body Symmetry-
- Asymmetrical, so symmetry (sponges)
- Radial symmetry, shaped like a bowl or cylinder, with the body pieces arranged around the center like pieces of pie (coral=cnidarian), any longitude slide - two identical parts, there is no head or tall structures
- Bilateral symmetry, mirror images left to right but top/bottom and front/back are different, allows for cephalization (development of head)
Embryological Development-
all animals begin as a zygote, which forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
- the sperm and egg cells are haploid sex cells
- zygote is first diploid cell of the new animal
- the zygote then continous to split
- Eventually, a blastula forms and begins infolding resulting in the digestive tract and all other organs and organ systems.
- A blastopore is the first opening in the digestive tract
- protosome= blastopore is a mouth (molluscs, annelids, arthropod)
- deutersome= blastopore is an anus (echinoderms, chordates)
Segmentation (repeating parts)-
Many animals with bilateral symmetry are segmented into several repeating parts
- annelids (earthworms) consist of a distinct head, tail and several inclemical segmented rings
- insects are segmented into a head, thorax, and abdomen
- the human backbone shows segmentation
Limbs (legs, flippers and wings)-
animals with bilateral symmetry frequently have paired limbs
-limbs for movement feeding or sensory information
- animal phyla are defined by appendages
Invertebrates do NOT
have a backbone, more than 98% of animals are invertebrates, they are not in a phylogenetic tree because they lack features that cannot define a group
Phyla of invertebrates
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, athropoda, echinodermata
Porifera, cnidaria, Platyhelminthes
reproduce asexually, have very simple and sometimes open body systems
Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, arthropods, Echinodermata
reproduce sexually, have more complex body systems, and the digestive system becomes more specialized in these groups
Vertebrates:
make up most of phylum Chordata, have skull and backbone, has structural support for paired limbs
Animal phylum symmetry:
- Mollusca, bilateral
- Aves, bilateral
- Porifera, asymmetrical
- Annelida, bilateral
- Arthropoda, bilateral
- echinodermata, radial
- cnidaria, radial
- Platyhelminthes, bilateral
