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Biology 11 > Unit 1 - Diversity Of Living Things > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Diversity Of Living Things Flashcards

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1
Q

Identifying Species

Morphology

A

body shape, size, and other structual features

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2
Q

Identifying Species

Biological

A

basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

Identifying Species

Phylogeny

A

describes the evolutionary history of species

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4
Q

Naming Species

Who invented Taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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5
Q

Naming Species

Taxonomy

A

the branch of biology that identitfies, names and classifies species based on natural features

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6
Q

Naming Species

Binomial Nomenclature

A

the system of giving a two-word Latin name to each species. The first part is the genus and the second part is the species.

Example: Homo sapiens

Genus: first letter capitalized
Species: all letters lower case
Scientific Name: is italicized

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7
Q

Kingdoms and Domains

Domain Bacteria

A

Kingdom Bacteria

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8
Q

Kingdoms and Domains

Domain Archaea

A

Kingdom Archaea

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9
Q

Kingdoms and Domains

Domain Eukarya

A

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

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10
Q

Hierarchy of Groups

Hierarchical Classification

A

a method of organizing organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

King Philip Came Over For Green Soup

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11
Q

Species Relatedness

Ancestor

A

an organism from which other groups of organisms are descended

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12
Q

Species Relatedness

What evidence must exist to prove that species are related?

A
  1. Anatomical Evidence
  2. Physiological Evidence
  3. DNA Evidence
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13
Q

Species Relatedness

Anatomical Evidence

A

refers to physical structures and internal organ systems in organisms that provide information about their evolutionary relationships and history

Anatomy: is the study of the structure of organismns

Example: at first glace a bird and dinosaur might not look alike but after closer inspecting (systems and bones) we will find that they share a surprising number of anatomical features

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14
Q

Species Relatedness

Physiological Evidence

A

refers to the biological functions and processes within organisms that provide insights into their evolutionary relationships and adaptations.

Physiology: is the study of the functioning of organisms and how they work

Scientists will compare parts of cells, tissues, genes to determine species relatedness

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15
Q

Species Relatedness

DNA Evidence

A

refers to the use of genetic material to establish evolutionary relationships, understand genetic diversity, and identify individuals or species.

Scientists study DNA and specific genes that make up an organisms DNA to determine species relatedness

Example: inner-genetic code and genetic sequencing

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16
Q

Species Relatedness

Phylogenetic Trees

A

a brancing diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships among species

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17
Q

Species Relatedness

Cladograms

A

diagrams used to show relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics and common ancestry. They are a type of phylogenetic tree and represent evolutionary hypotheses about the relationships among species.

-refer to unit test on how to make them

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18
Q

Cell Types

Prokaryotic Cells (before the nucleus)

A
  • no membrane bound nucleus
  • simple internal cell structure
  • smaller
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19
Q

Cell Types

Eukaryotic Cells (true nucleus)

A
  • membrane bound nucleus
  • complex internal cell structure
  • larger (up to 1000x)
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20
Q

The Three Domains

What are the three domians?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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21
Q

The Three Domains

What domains are prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic?

A
  • Eukarya: includes all species made up of eukaryotic cells (four kingdoms)
  • Bacteria: prokaryotic
  • Archaea: prokaryotic
    —- are not grouped due to the great cellular and genetic (DNA) differences.
22
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Unicellular

number of cells

A

organisms composed of a single cell

23
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Multicellular

Number of cells

A

organisms composed of multiple cells that work together, specialized for different functions

24
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

If present, or abesent: what organisms have cell walls

cell wall material

A

cell wall material can be present or absent depending on the type of organism and the specific type of cell.

plant cells have cells walls but…..animal cells don’t

25
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Autotroph

Nutrition

A

are organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy. They are also known as producers.

examples: Plants, algae, certain bacteria and archaea

26
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Heterotrophs

Nutrition

A

are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. They are also known as consumers

examples: animals, fungi, many baterica and protists

27
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

A type of heterotroph known as decomposers do what, and who are they?

Nutrtion

A

they consume dead organic material, breaking it doen into simpler substances

examples: earthworms, fungi, and bacteria

28
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Are humans herbivores, carnivores or omnivores?

Nutriton

A

they are omnivores since they eat both plants and animals.

29
Q

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction

A

offspring arise from a single parent and become exact copies of the parent, genetically and physically

examples: plants, bacteria

30
Q

Classifying Types of Biodiversity

What are the types of biodiversity?

A
  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
31
Q

Classifying Types of Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity

A

is the variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a populatuion of interbreeding individuals

32
Q

Classifying Types of Biodiversity

Species Diversity

A

is the variety and abundance of species in a given area

33
Q

Classifying Types of Biodiversity

Ecosystem diversity

A

is the variety of ecosystems in all sizes from a plant to a biosphere.
* the health and sustainibility of the biosphere can be measured by the richness of ecosystem diversity

example: the population of Tasmainian devils has been severly reduced by cancer.
* a lack of genetic diversity made the animals vunerable to disease

34
Q

Genetic and Ecosystem Diversity

Gene Pool

A

is the sum of all the version of all the genes in a population
* the larger the gene pool and genetic diversity, the better the chances of species survival despite enviornmental pressures or changes (diseases)

35
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

are the benefits experienced by species (including humans) that are provived by sustainable ecosystems

36
Q

Examples of Ecosystem Services

A
  • atomospheric gas supply
  • climate regulation
  • water supply
  • food production
  • raw materials
  • waste treatment
  • soil erosion control
  • nutrient recycling
37
Q

Ecosystem Services and Human Activity

Are ecosystems with greater diversity more resilient to disturbences?

What are these disturbences?

A

yes they are.

These disturbences include:
* non invasive species invasion
* disease
* chamnges in abiotic factor concentrations

38
Q

Ecosystem Services and Human Activity

What happens if human activity lowers species diversity of an ecosystem?

A

species diversity must not be lowered, are they are at danger

as well as lower its sustainablity and services.

39
Q

Viruses

Can visues live outside of cells?

A

no

40
Q

Visuses can be prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic? true of false

A

true

41
Q

what are viruses dependant on?

A

the internal physiology of cells

42
Q

visuses are not cellular, lack cytoplasm, organelles, and cell memebranes? true or false

A

true

43
Q

How can we classify viruses?

A
  • size and shape of the capsid (protein coat surrounding genetic material)
  • shape and structure of the virus
  • types of diseases the virus causes
  • genome (set of genes) and type of genetic material (RNA or DNA)
  • method of reproduction
44
Q

Species Relatedness

Inter-breeding

A

is the act of mixing with different species to produce hybrids

example: if the species arent the same they cannot produce hybrids. They must be of the same species to successfully interbreed

45
Q

Rank

A

a level in the classification sceme

example: phylum or order

46
Q

Taxon

A

a named group of organisms

examples: phylum Chordata or order Rodentia

47
Q

Do viruses undergo relication or reproduction in a host cell?

A

replication

48
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

viruses quickly replicate in lytic cycles:
* quickly attach
* enter
* replicate
* assemble
* release from cell, killing it in the process
* after bursting from the host cell it infects neighbouring cells, (ones already damaged are affected more rapidly)
* immediate effects on host organism

example: cold

49
Q

Lysogentic Cycle

A

other viruses replicate slowly in lysogentic cycles:
* enter
* attach (their DNA to the hosts chromosomes)
* now referred to as provirus
* it can lie dormant witin the host chromosome until it reactivates and continues with the lytic cycle
* may not cause immediate effects on host organism

exmaple: HIV

50
Q

Non-Viral Disease Causing Agents

Prions

A
  • discovered in 1980s
  • are proteins that are the only known non-genetic disease causing agent
  • they become harmful when they change molecular shape
  • will remain infectious even afterwards
51
Q

Capsid

A

is a protein shell that surrounds the DNA/RNA of a virus from damage while outside a host cell and aids in transferring between host cells during infection.

Biology 11 (4 decks)

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