Unit 1 - Diversity Of Living Things

Question 1

Identifying Species

Morphology

Answer 1

body shape, size, and other structual features

Question 2

Identifying Species

Biological

Answer 2

basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring

Question 3

Identifying Species

Phylogeny

Answer 3

describes the evolutionary history of species

Question 4

Naming Species

Who invented Taxonomy?

Answer 4

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 5

Naming Species

Taxonomy

Answer 5

the branch of biology that identitfies, names and classifies species based on natural features

Question 6

Naming Species

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 6

the system of giving a two-word Latin name to each species. The first part is the genus and the second part is the species.

Example: Homo sapiens

Genus: first letter capitalized
Species: all letters lower case
Scientific Name: is italicized

Question 7

Kingdoms and Domains

Domain Bacteria

Answer 7

Kingdom Bacteria

Question 8

Kingdoms and Domains

Domain Archaea

Answer 8

Kingdom Archaea

Question 9

Kingdoms and Domains

Domain Eukarya

Answer 9

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Question 10

Hierarchy of Groups

Hierarchical Classification

Answer 10

a method of organizing organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

King Philip Came Over For Green Soup

Question 11

Species Relatedness

Ancestor

Answer 11

an organism from which other groups of organisms are descended

Question 12

Species Relatedness

What evidence must exist to prove that species are related?

Answer 12

1. Anatomical Evidence
2. Physiological Evidence
3. DNA Evidence

Question 13

Species Relatedness

Anatomical Evidence

Answer 13

refers to physical structures and internal organ systems in organisms that provide information about their evolutionary relationships and history

Anatomy: is the study of the structure of organismns

Example: at first glace a bird and dinosaur might not look alike but after closer inspecting (systems and bones) we will find that they share a surprising number of anatomical features

Question 14

Species Relatedness

Physiological Evidence

Answer 14

refers to the biological functions and processes within organisms that provide insights into their evolutionary relationships and adaptations.

Physiology: is the study of the functioning of organisms and how they work

Scientists will compare parts of cells, tissues, genes to determine species relatedness

Question 15

Species Relatedness

DNA Evidence

Answer 15

refers to the use of genetic material to establish evolutionary relationships, understand genetic diversity, and identify individuals or species.

Scientists study DNA and specific genes that make up an organisms DNA to determine species relatedness

Example: inner-genetic code and genetic sequencing

Question 16

Species Relatedness

Phylogenetic Trees

Answer 16

a brancing diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships among species

Question 17

Species Relatedness

Cladograms

Answer 17

diagrams used to show relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics and common ancestry. They are a type of phylogenetic tree and represent evolutionary hypotheses about the relationships among species.

-refer to unit test on how to make them

Question 18

Cell Types

Prokaryotic Cells (before the nucleus)

Answer 18

• no membrane bound nucleus
• simple internal cell structure
• smaller

Question 19

Cell Types

Eukaryotic Cells (true nucleus)

Answer 19

• membrane bound nucleus
• complex internal cell structure
• larger (up to 1000x)

Question 20

The Three Domains

What are the three domians?

Answer 20

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

Question 21

The Three Domains

What domains are prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic?

Answer 21

• Eukarya: includes all species made up of eukaryotic cells (four kingdoms)
• Bacteria: prokaryotic
• Archaea: prokaryotic
  —- are not grouped due to the great cellular and genetic (DNA) differences.

Question 22

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Unicellular

number of cells

Answer 22

organisms composed of a single cell

Question 23

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

Multicellular

Number of cells

Answer 23

organisms composed of multiple cells that work together, specialized for different functions

Question 24

Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank

If present, or abesent: what organisms have cell walls

cell wall material

Answer 24

cell wall material can be present or absent depending on the type of organism and the specific type of cell.

plant cells have cells walls but…..animal cells don’t

Question 25

# Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank Autotroph ## Footnote Nutrition

Answer 25

are organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy. They are also known as **producers**. examples: Plants, algae, certain bacteria and archaea

Question 26

# Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank Heterotrophs ## Footnote Nutrition

Answer 26

are organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. They are also known as **consumers** examples: animals, fungi, many baterica and protists

Question 27

# Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank A type of heterotroph known as ***decomposers*** do what, and who are they? ## Footnote Nutrtion

Answer 27

they consume dead organic material, breaking it doen into simpler substances examples: earthworms, fungi, and bacteria

Question 28

# Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank Are humans herbivores, carnivores or omnivores? ## Footnote Nutriton

Answer 28

they are omnivores since they eat both plants and animals.

Question 29

# Charaterisitics of the Kingdom Rank Asexual Reproduction ## Footnote Reproduction

Answer 29

offspring arise from a single parent and become exact copies of the parent, genetically and physically examples: plants, bacteria

Question 30

# Classifying Types of Biodiversity What are the types of biodiversity?

Answer 30

* genetic diversity * species diversity * ecosystem diversity

Question 31

# Classifying Types of Biodiversity Genetic Diversity

Answer 31

is the variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a populatuion of interbreeding individuals

Question 32

# Classifying Types of Biodiversity Species Diversity

Answer 32

is the variety and abundance of species in a given area

Question 33

# Classifying Types of Biodiversity Ecosystem diversity

Answer 33

is the variety of ecosystems in all sizes from a plant to a biosphere. * the health and sustainibility of the biosphere can be measured by the richness of ecosystem diversity example: the population of Tasmainian devils has been severly reduced by cancer. * a lack of genetic diversity made the animals vunerable to disease

Question 34

# Genetic and Ecosystem Diversity Gene Pool

Answer 34

is the sum of all the version of all the genes in a population * the larger the gene pool and genetic diversity, the better the chances of species survival despite enviornmental pressures or changes (diseases)

Question 35

Ecosystem Services

Answer 35

are the benefits experienced by species (including humans) that are provived by sustainable ecosystems

Question 36

Examples of Ecosystem Services

Answer 36

* atomospheric gas supply * climate regulation * water supply * food production * raw materials * waste treatment * soil erosion control * nutrient recycling

Question 37

# Ecosystem Services and Human Activity Are ecosystems with greater diversity more resilient to disturbences? What are these disturbences?

Answer 37

yes they are. These disturbences include: * non invasive species invasion * disease * chamnges in abiotic factor concentrations

Question 38

# Ecosystem Services and Human Activity What happens if human activity lowers species diversity of an ecosystem?

Answer 38

species diversity must not be lowered, are they are at danger as well as lower its sustainablity and services.

Question 39

# Viruses Can visues live outside of cells?

Answer 39

no

Question 40

Visuses can be prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic? true of false

Answer 40

true

Question 41

what are viruses dependant on?

Answer 41

the internal physiology of cells

Question 42

visuses are not cellular, lack cytoplasm, organelles, and cell memebranes? true or false

Answer 42

true

Question 43

How can we classify viruses?

Answer 43

* size and shape of the capsid (protein coat surrounding genetic material) * shape and structure of the virus * types of diseases the virus causes * genome (set of genes) and type of genetic material (RNA or DNA) * method of reproduction

Question 44

# Species Relatedness Inter-breeding

Answer 44

is the act of mixing with different species to produce **hybrids** example: if the species arent the same they **cannot** produce hybrids. They must be of the same species to successfully interbreed

Question 45

Rank

Answer 45

a level in the classification sceme example: phylum or order

Question 46

Taxon

Answer 46

a named group of organisms examples: phylum Chordata or order Rodentia

Question 47

Do viruses undergo relication or reproduction in a host cell?

Answer 47

replication

Question 48

Lytic Cycle

Answer 48

viruses quickly replicate in lytic cycles: * quickly attach * enter * replicate * assemble * release from cell, killing it in the process * after bursting from the host cell it infects neighbouring cells, (ones already damaged are affected more rapidly) * immediate effects on host organism example: cold

Question 49

Lysogentic Cycle

Answer 49

other viruses replicate slowly in lysogentic cycles: * enter * attach (their DNA to the hosts chromosomes) * now referred to as *provirus* * it can lie **dormant** witin the host chromosome until it reactivates and continues with the lytic cycle * may not cause immediate effects on host organism exmaple: HIV

Question 50

# Non-Viral Disease Causing Agents Prions

Answer 50

* discovered in 1980s * are proteins that are the only known non-genetic disease causing agent * they become harmful when they change molecular shape * will remain infectious even afterwards

Question 51

Capsid

Answer 51

is a protein shell that surrounds the DNA/RNA of a virus from damage while outside a host cell and aids in transferring between host cells during infection.