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ICT THEORY > Unit 1- Digital Devices > Flashcards

Unit 1- Digital Devices Flashcards

1
Q

What is a computer?

A

A computer is an electronic device capable of taking an input, processing data, storing information and providing an output

Data that is input, is raw, unprocessed information

Information is data that people understand

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2
Q

What is a mainframe computer?

A

A mainframe computer is a computer with huge processing power and data storage capabilities

Built to handle enormous amounts of data and carry out complex calculations

Designed to be secure, reliable and support large volumes of simultaneous users

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3
Q

Where are mainframe computers commonly used?

A

Carry out critical tasks for large organisations in sectors such as:

-Finance
-Health
-Government etc.

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4
Q

What is a microprocessor?

A

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) that contains a central processing unit (CPU)

A microprocessor is embedded into devices to help them carry out tasks

The microprocessor is responsible for executing instructions

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5
Q

Where are microprocessors commonly used?

A

Microprocessors are used in a home to monitor and control devices such as:

-Central heating systems
-Security alarm systems
-Home entertainment system etc.

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6
Q

What is a desktop computer?

A

A desktop computer is a computer designed to stay in one place, for example on a desk

A desktop computer traditionally consists of a separate:

Monitor

Computer

Keyboard & mouse

Desktop computers are typically more powerful than mobile computers

Desktop computers are upgradable, the parts can be replaced/changed to increase performance

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7
Q

What are the uses of desktop computers in office and business?

A

word processing, financial modelling, email, video/image editing

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8
Q

What are the uses of desktop computers in education?

A

online learning, research, content creation, multi media presentations

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9
Q

What are the uses of desktop computers for gaming and entertainment?

A

online gaming, streaming music/film/tv, social media, online browsing

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10
Q

What is a laptop computer?

A

A laptop computer is a computer designed to be portable

A laptop computer traditionally consists of built-in: Monitor, Computer, Keyboard & trackpad or touch screen keyboard & pointer

  • not easily upgradable, components are integrated for size and efficiency
  • battery powered
  • used as desktop replacements
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11
Q

Why are Laptop computers typically less powerful than desktop computers?

A
  • Power constraints due to size
  • Focus on extending battery life
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12
Q

What are the advantages of laptop computers?

A
  • easy to carry and use on the go (portability)
  • access to internet and resources from anywhere (flexibility)
  • can use for various tasks and activities (multi- functionality)
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13
Q

What is a mobile phones?

A

A mobile phone is an ultra portable electronic device designed to be lightweight and fit in a pocket or small bag

Mobile phones are used to transmit information between people and devices using radio waves

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14
Q

What are two examples of mobile phones?

A
  • Smartphones
  • Specialist
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15
Q

What is a smartphone?

A
  • a versatile general purpose device

Smartphones use subscriber identity module (SIM) cards to link the devices to a network carrier, allowing them to make phone calls and send messages

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16
Q

What are the features of smartphones?

A
  • SMS messaging
  • phone calls
  • voice over internet protocol
  • accessing the internet
  • mobile payments
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17
Q

What is a description of SMS messaging?

A
  • Quick communication
  • Messages are stored on the device and can be read at any time
  • Use virtual keyboards and predictive text
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18
Q

What is a description of phone calls?

A
  • simple voice communication
  • requires cellular reception
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19
Q

What is a description of Voice over internet protocol?

A
  • Audio & visual communication via the internet
  • Requires extra apps installed on the devices
  • Can make & receive calls via smartphone, tablet and computers
  • Requires a forward facing camera for video calls
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20
Q

What is a description of accessing the internet?

A
  • Requires cellular reception to access on the move
  • Web pages are optimised for smartphone access
  • Automatically used Wi-Fi when in range and connected
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21
Q

What is a description of mobile payments?

A

Uses NFC

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22
Q

What is a description of a camera?

A
  • Smartphones have built-in cameras for video calls
  • Camera can act as a barcode scanner for QR codes
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23
Q

What is a specialist phone?

A

A specialist phone is designed for a particular groups of users or environment

They prioritise specific features over general purpose use

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24
Q

What are the specialist features of senior phones?

A
  • Larger buttons
  • Easy to read displays
  • Simplified user interface
  • Emergency alert buttons
  • Hearing aid compatibility
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25
Q

What are the specialist features of childrens phones?

A
  • Brightly coloured
  • Robust
  • Child friendly interface
  • Limited app access
  • Parental controls
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26
Q

What are the specialist features of rugged phones?

A
  • Designed for tough environments
  • Thick screens
  • Rugged outer casing

Built to withstand:
Water submersion
Dust
Extreme temperatures
Drops

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27
Q

What is a tablet device?

A

A tablet is a general purpose device that sits between a laptop and a smartphone

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28
Q

What is the difference in features between a smartphone and a tablet?

A

SIZE: smartphone- ultra portable and designed to fit into a pocket. tablet- portable but larger screens mean they require a bag or case

FOCUS: smartphone- communication. tablet- entertainment and productivity

POWER AND PERFORMANCE- smartphone- carry out everyday tasks. tablet- more powerful than a smartphone

BATTERY LIFE- smartphone- charging more often. tablet- longer battery life depending on usage

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29
Q

What is the description of a camera and camcorder?

A

Uses light sensors to capture images formed by light passing through a lens

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30
Q

What are the features of cameras and camcorders?

A
  • Lens - High quality lens allows light to pass through without defects
  • Image processor - Compensates for poor lighting
  • Sensors - Capture detail, more pixels are produced
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31
Q

What is a description of a games console?

A

Specialised PC for playing video games

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32
Q

What are the features of a games console?

A
  • Powerful processors & graphics for high quality smooth gameplay
  • Online capability
  • Controllers for interactivity
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33
Q

What is a description of home entertainment systems?

A

Hub for connecting audio and video devices

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34
Q

What are the features of home entertainment systems?

A
  • Connects TVs, speakers and media players together
  • Receiver processes audio and video signals
  • Can provide immersive experience (surround sound)
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35
Q

What is a description of a media player?

A

A device for multimedia playback

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36
Q

What are the features of media players?

A
  • Connects to TVs or speakers for playback
  • Plays different media such as Blu-ray, DVD
  • Portable media players for on the go
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37
Q

What is a multi functional device?

A

A multifunctional device is a device designed to carry out a wide range of tasks

Multifunctional devices combine functions that would usually be separate

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38
Q

What are examples of multifunctional devices?

A
  • Smartphones - Communication, photography, gaming, media playback/streaming, web browsing all in one device
  • Printers - Printing, copying and scanning in one device
  • Smart TVs - Watch TV, connect to the internet, stream content
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39
Q

What is convergence?

A

Convergence is the merging of technologies that would usually be separate

Convergence led to the rise of smartphones

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40
Q

exam question: Describe how tablet computers allow people to work from home.

A

Workers can connect to the Internet [1] to access cloud storage [1]

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41
Q

What are the features of digital devices

A

Portability
Performance
Storage
User interface
Connectivity
Media support
Energy consumption
Expansion capability
Security features

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42
Q

What is a description of performance?

A
  • processing power/memory (RAM)
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42
Q

What is a description of storage?

A

How much data can the device hold

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43
Q

What is a description of portability?

A

how easy the device is to carry around

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44
Q

What is a description of connectivity?

A

How can the device connect to other devices

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45
Q

What is a description of media support?

A

What media formats can the device play

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45
Q

What is a description of media support?

A

what media formats can the device play

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45
Q

What is a description of energy consumption?

A

How much energy does the device consume

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45
Q

What is a description of security features?

A

What security features does the device have to help protect device and user data

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45
Q

What is user interface?

A

A user interface is how the user interacts with the operating system

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45
Q

What is a description of expansion capability?

A

more storage, memory or other features be added

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45
Q

What are some examples of user interface?

A
  • Command Line Interface (CLI)
  • Graphical User Interface (GUI)
  • Menu
  • Natural language (NLI)
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45
Q

What is command line interface?

A

requires users to interact with the operating system using text based commands

CLIs are more commonly used by advanced users

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45
Q

What are some examples of common line interfaces?

A

MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) and Raspbian (for Raspberry Pi)

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45
Q

What is graphical user interface?

A

requires users to interact with the operating system using visual elements such as windows, icons, menus & pointers (WIMP)

GUIs are optimised for mouse and touch gesture input

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45
Q

What are some examples of graphical user interfaces?

A

Windows, Android and MAC OS

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45
Q

What is an example of a menu interface?

A

Chip and pin machines

Vending machines

Entertainment streaming services

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46
Q

What is a menu interface?

A

A menu interface is successive menus presented to a user with a single option at each stage

Often performed with buttons or a keypad

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46
Q

What is a natural language interface?

A

A natural language interface (NLI) uses the spoken word to respond to spoken or textual inputs from a user

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46
Q

What are examples of natural language interfaces?

A

Virtual assistants - Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Siri

Search engines

Smart home devices

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47
Q

What is software?

A

the set of programs that control the hardware; they live on the computer system but cannot be physically touched

  • system software
  • application software
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48
Q

What is application software?

A

software chosen by a user to help them carry out a specific task

Application software is installed on top of system software and is user-chosen to best suit industry requirements

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49
Q

What is defragmentation?

A

software groups fragmented files back together in order to improve access speed

As programs and data are added to a new hard disk drive, it is added in order, over time as files are deleted this leaves gaps

As programs and data are added over time, these gaps get filled and data becomes fragmented

Defragmentation can only used on magnetic storage

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49
Q

What are common categories of application software?

A

Word processing: creating and editing text documents

Spreadsheet: organising and analysing data in a grid format

Database management systems: storing, retrieving and managing data in databases

Control/measurement: uses sensors to measure and control a system

Video editing: creating and modifying video files

Graphics editing: creating and modifying images

Audio editing: creating and modifying sound files

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): designing and modelling objects in 2D or 3D

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49
Q

What is system software?

A

software essential for the operation of a computer system

Without system software, a user has no starting point for giving a computer instructions

System software gives users a platform to run applications and carry out tasks

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49
Q

What are the essential services carried out by system software?

A

Compilers: translating high-level programming languages into machine code

Linkers: combining object files into a single executable program

Device drivers: controlling hardware components and peripherals

Operating systems: managing the computer’s resources and providing a user interface

Utilities: tools for maintaining and optimising the computer’s performance

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49
Q

What are examples of utility software?

A
  • defragmentation (maintain)
  • compression (enhance)
  • task manager (trouble- shoot)
  • encryption (enhance)
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50
Q

What is utility software?

A

software designed to help maintain, enhance and troubleshoot/repair a computer system

Utility software is designed to perform a limited number of tasks

Utility software interacts with the computers hardware, for example, secondary storage devices

Some utility software comes installed with the operating system

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51
Q

What is compression?

A

reduces the amount of secondary storage required by performing an algorithm on the original data

Lossy compression physically removes data from the original data to reduce its size, the original file can not be re-created

Lossless compression uses mathematics to order data more efficiently reducing its size, the original files can be re-created as no data is lost

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52
Q

What is encryption?

A

process of scrambling data using an algorithm from plain-text into cipher-text in order to make it unreadable to users without the master key

Encryption software enhances the security of the computer system and keeps data safe

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53
Q

What is task manager software?

A

software that is built into the operating system to allow users to monitor system resources in order to help troubleshoot potential problems

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54
Q

What information does the task manager give the system?

A
  • Processes
  • Performance
  • App history
  • Start-up apps
  • Users
  • Services
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55
Q

exam question: Describe how utility software can reduce access times for large files stored on magnetic media (2 marks)

A

By defragmenting file data [1]…

…that has been allocated randomly to free space [1]

By placing file data in adjacent sectors [1]…

…to reduce the need to spin the disc / seek across the platter surface [1]

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55
Q

What are the two main types of operating systems?

A

Single User Operating System

Network Operating Systems (NOS)

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55
Q

What is an operating system?

A
  • software that provides an interface between the user and the hardware in a computer system
  • hides the complexities of the hardware from the user, for example:

A user does not need to know ‘where’ on secondary storage data is kept, just that it is saved for when they want it again

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55
Q

What are the differences between a single user and an operating system?

A

single user:
- allows for a single general user
- no option to customise user interface for different users
- typically used in a household appliances

network:
- provides access to a network storage and shared resources
- server is sent requests when users log in with usernames and passwords
- users accounts are kept separate to ensure users cannot access each others files

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56
Q

What ae the functions of an operating system?

A

Memory management

Resource management

Security

Print spooling

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56
Q

What is memory management?

A

process carried out by the operating system allocating main memory (RAM) between different programs that are open at the same time

The OS is responsible for copying programs and data from secondary to primary storage as it is needed

Programs and data require different amounts of RAM to operate efficiently and the OS manages this process

RAM is allocated based on priority and fairness, for example, system applications (essential) may have a higher priority than user applications

The OS dynamically manages the memory, adjusting allocation as needed to maintain optimal system performance

Memory management makes multitasking possible

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56
Q

What is processor management?

A

a process carried out by the operating system dividing time (time slicing) in to small chunks and allocating them to different programs

The CPU can only execute one instruction at a time, it can can execute billions of them in one second.

The OS decides what programs get access to the CPU to give a user the perception of being able to use multiple programs at the same time (multitasking)

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56
Q

What is input/output management?

A

a process carried out by the operating system managing the way input and output devices interact with software

The OS allocates system resources to inputs/outputs to ensure efficient operation

I/O management makes plug-and-play (PnP) functionality possible, automatically detecting and configuring new inputs/outputs without the need for manually installing device drivers or power cycling the system

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56
Q

What is file management?

A

a process carried out by the operating system creating, organising, manipulating and accessing files and folders on a computer system

The OS manages where data is stored in both primary and secondary storage

File management gives the user the ability to:

Create files/folders

Name files/folders

Rename files/folders

Copy files/folders

Move files/folders

Delete files/folders

The OS allows users to control who can access, modify and delete files/folders (permissions)

The OS provides a search facility to find specific files based on various criteria

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56
Q

What is security management?

A

process carried out by the operating system enabling different users to log onto a computer

A system administrator is able to allocate different access rights for different users on a network

The OS is able to maintain settings for individual users, such as desktop backgrounds, icons and colour schemes

The OS audits (keeps a log of) files created by users, accesses, edits and deletes

Operating systems can provide software firewalls

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57
Q

What is print spooling?

A

a process carried out by the operating system when printing is required

The spooler creates a temporary holding area (queue) for the print job

Queuing pages increases efficiency

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58
Q

exam q: Explain one reason an administrator would use a network operating system to manage users.

[2]

A

Multiple people can use the same computer [1] because users can be added/deleted [1]

Only specific users can securely access their storage space [1] because user permissions can be edited [1]

Only certain users can install programs / access certain files [1] because user permissions can be enforced [1]

The limited storage on the machine can be shared [1] because the amount of resources/storage each user can access can be controlled [1]

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58
Q

What are office productivity tools?

A

are applications designed to enable common work related tasks to be carried out

Office productivity tools are often combined into a single application suite

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58
Q

What is word processing software?

A

software used primarily for tasks involving text and images

Common tasks include:
- Letters
- Reports
- Essays
- Books

Examples of word processing applications include:

Microsoft Word

Google Docs

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59
Q

What is spreadsheet software?

A

software used for tasks involving calculations

Spreadsheets allow users to model financial situations and answer ‘what if’ questions

Formulas and functions can be used to aid complex arithmetic calculations

Examples of spreadsheet applications include:

  • Microsoft Excel
  • Google Sheets
60
Q

What is desktop publishing software?

A

used for tasks that involve complicated page layouts

Common tasks include:
- Newsletters
- Leaflets

Examples of desktop publishing applications include:

  • Microsoft Publisher
    -Adobe InDesign
60
Q

What is database software?

A
  • software used to store data

Common features include:
- Data entry form design
- Perform queries to select data that meet a certain criteria
- Build reports to display data in a readable format

Examples of database applications include:
- Microsoft Access
- Oracle MySQL

61
Q

What is web authorising software?

A

software designed to allow the creation of websites

Websites are written in HTML and translated by web browsers to display in a way users can see and read

Web authoring software gives users with little to no HTML experience tools to help them create web pages

Uses a What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) interface

Examples of web authoring applications include:
- Adobe Dreamweaver
- Google Sites

62
Q

What is image editing software?

A
  • software that allows users to manipulate and enhance digital photographs and images

Common features include:
Resizing
Adjusting brightness & contrast
Applying filters
Red-eye removal
Cropping

Examples of image editing applications include:
Adobe Photoshop
GIMP

63
Q

What is sound editing software?

A

Sound editing software is software that allows users to edit audio files

Common features include:
- Cut and join audio clips
- Alter volume
- Change tempo
- Add effects
- Apply audio processing

Examples of sound editing applications include:
Audacity
Adobe Audition

64
Q

What is presentation software?

A
  • software designed to allow users to create multimedia content that can be displayed typically on slides

Common features include:

  • Transitions & animations
  • Presenter notes
  • Automatic or timed navigation

Examples of presentation applications include:
Microsoft PowerPoint
Google Slides

65
Q

What is control software?

A
  • software that users sensors to capture inputs, processes them and outputs something

They make something happen in the physical environment

Outputs can be commands that control devices such as:

  • Actuators
  • Motors

Commonly used in engineering, vehicles and building control

66
Q

What is project management software?

A

software designed make the organisation of projects more efficient by tracking individual tasks

Common features include:

Timeline - shows a graphical representation of events and the time and order in which they occur

Critical path - allows a project manager to see the shortest time a project will take to complete

Milestones - a time or date by which a task must be completed

Gannt charts are often used to visualise project timelines

67
Q

exam q: Describe how application software is different from systems software

[2]

A

Application software is used to carry out tasks for the user [1]

Systems software carries out tasks for the machine/computer [1]

68
Q

What is a software licence?

A

a legal agreement that lays out rules for how software can and can’t be used

There are two main types of software licence, each with very different rules on usage, distribution and support, they are:

Free or open source

Proprietary

69
Q

What are the features open source software?

A

Access to source code to edit/change

Able to edit and distribute

70
Q

What are the features of proprietary software?

A

Costs money

Produced by ‘professional’ companies

More regular official updates/support/upgrades/fixes

71
Q

What are the advantages of free or open source software?

A
  • Allows collaboration with other people who may want the same modifications
    -Less buggy versions of the software may appear faster
  • Usually free, good for companies with limited budgets
  • Generally strong social support
72
Q

What are the disadvantages of free or open source software?

A
  • Relies on support of other users
  • To edit the code, you need expert knowledge
    -May not receive regular updates
  • Could be more open to exploitation through users adding malicious code
73
Q

What are the advantages of proprietary software?

A
  • Generally free customer support
  • Created to professional standards
  • Always someone to go back to with any problems
74
Q

What are the disadvantages of proprietary software?

A

Cost can be significant

Limited expansion, only what is available

Relies on one company

May not fully meet the need of the user/customer

75
Q

exam q: State what is meant by the term ‘open source software’. 2 marks

A

It is available to users [1] to modify /distribute / viewed [1]

76
Q

What is communication software?

A

software that provides remote access to systems

To exchange files and messages in text, images, audio and/or video formats between different computes or users

77
Q

What are some examples of communication software?

A

Web browsers

Email

Social media

SMS/MMS

Instant messaging

78
Q

What is a web browser?

A

piece of software used to access and display information on the internet

The purpose of a web browser is to render hypertext markup language (HTML) and display web pages

Web browsers interpret the code in HTML documents and translate it into a visual display for the user

78
Q

What is social media?

A

a platform where users can connect with others and share content

They include platforms such as

Facebook
Tiktok
X (Twitter)
Instagram
LinkedIn

Social media platforms usually require users to create a profile and allow them to share text, images, videos, and links

They facilitate interaction, collaboration, and information sharing on a large scale

Privacy settings allow users to control who can see their content

78
Q

What is email?

A

method of exchanging messages and files over the internet

The main uses of email are:

Personal communication
Professional correspondence
Marketing

78
Q

What is SMS/MMS?

A

Short messaging service (SMS) and multimedia messages service (MMS) are a method of communication using a mobile phone network

SMS allows 160 text characters per message

MMS allows more than 160 characters and can include video, animations, images and audio

No internet connection is required

78
Q

Why is software updated?

A

Software is updated to:

  • Fix bugs or software vulnerabilities
    Increase compatibility with newer operating systems
    Improve performance
    Introduce new features
    Improve usability

Updates are typically downloaded from the internet by a user or automatically from within the software itself

Operating system can schedule updates to suit user needs and minimise disruption

78
Q

What is instant messaging?

A

requires an internet connection to allow multimedia communication between single and groups of users

Includes extra features such as:

See when users are typing (online/offline status)

Include location data

78
Q

exam q: Describe the function of a web browser 2 marks

A

To access/request/render/display [1] HTML / web pages [1]

78
Q

What are the risks of updating software?

A

Software updates typically require the removal of components to be replaced with new ones

This process can cause

Incompatibility - may not work with older hardware or software

Workflow disruption - new features/interface tweaks may need time to adjust to, slowing down productivity

Update issues - in rare cases the installation process can go wrong, leading to data loss

79
Q

What are the risks of not updating software?

A

Software is often released in a less than perfect state and flaws/vulnerabilities may exist which can provide an opportunity for hackers

Unpatched/outdated software can lead to:

Data breaches

Installation of malware

79
Q

What is an input device?

A

hardware components that allow users to interact with a computer system

They enable the user to input data or commands into the system, which the computer then processes to produce an output

79
Q

Fyn want to play a game he installed a year ago

A. Describe how Fyn can update the game software

[2]

B. Give 2 reasons why Fyn should update the game software

[2]

A

Answers

A.

Download (the update file) [1]

Install (the file) [1]

B.

Any two from:

To get new features (perfective)

Improve compatibility e.g. with operating system/hardware changes (adaptive)

To fix/patch bugs (corrective)

To protect against new security vulnerabilities (preventative)

80
Q

What is a keyboard?

A
  • entering data into a computer
  • advantages: easy method of entering data, very common
  • disadvantages: repetitive strain injury, flow to enter data compared to direct data entry
81
Q

What are types of input devices?

A

keyboard, mouse, joystick, graphics tablet, scanner

82
Q

What is a mouse?

A
  • select on screen objects
  • advantages: fast to make on screen choices, intuitive and precise control
  • disadvantages: RSI (strain on wrist), requires a flat surface, people with disabilities find them difficult to use
83
Q

What is a graphics tablet?

A
  • uses a stylus to draw or write
  • advantages: precise, natural feel, ergonomic
  • disadvantages: cost, learning curve, battery life
84
Q

What is a joy stick?

A
  • moves sprites/characters around a game
  • advantages: enhances gameplay, simulation experience, improves realism, accurate
85
Q

What is a scanner?

A
  • convert paper documents
  • advantages: accurate reproduction, easy to share and store
  • disadvantages: quality depends on resolution, high quality means can be slow
86
Q

What is a digital camera?

A
  • taking photos/videos
    advantages: vast amounts can be captured, no developing, easy to share
    disadvantages: storage compression can lead to a loss in quality, need to be tech-savvy to use effectively
87
Q

What is a webcam?

A
  • streaming images/video
  • advantages: real time communication, cheap, multipurpose
    disadvantages: image quality, privacy concerns
88
Q

What is a microphone?

A
  • input speech, sensor to pick up sounds
    advantages: hands free input, can be used for voice recognition, fast
    disadvantages: variable quality, verbal inputs be be inaccurate
89
Q

What is a resistive touchscreen?

A

-Pressure causes layers to ‘touch’
advantages: intuitive, no need for a separate pointing device, easy to clean
disadvantages: screens can get easily dirty, easily scratched, less precise than a mouse

90
Q

What is a capacitive screen?

A

Conduct electricity
Finger causes a change in electrical charge and can be measured precisely
advantages: intuitive, no need for a separate pointing device, easy to clean
disadvantages: screens can get easily dirty, easily scratched, less precise than a mouse

91
Q

What is an OMR?

A
  • Optical Mark Recognition
  • Read marks on exam paper in pen/pencil

advantages: Fast processing, Reduced human error
disadvantages: Limited to specific forms, Cannot read handwriting, Form must be completed accurately

92
Q

What is OCR?

A
  • Text to digital data
    advantages: Fast data entry, Accurate and less error prone

disadvantages: Can struggle with complex layouts, Font dependent, Not always 100% accurate, Expensive

93
Q

What is a barcode scanner?

A
  • Reads barcode labels

advantages: Fast and accurate, Low cost, Allows for automatic stock control, Tried & trusted

disadvantages: Requires line-of-sight, Barcodes are easily damaged, Barcodes can be swapped/altered by consumers

94
Q

What is a biometric scanner?

A
  • Fingerprint/facial/voice/iris recognition

advantages: Easier than passwords, More secure, Speed

disadvantages: Privacy concerns, Expensive

95
Q

What is a magnetic stipe reader?

A
  • Debit/credit cards

advantages: Fast, Simple to use, Secure (unreadable)

disadvantages: Magnetic stripes can get damaged and become unreadable, Reader must be in close contact

96
Q

What is a chip and PIN reader?

A
  • Retail card payments

advantages: Secure, Reduced fraud risk

disadvantages: Requires PIN input, Potential for skimming, High payment limits an issue for stolen cards

97
Q

What is RFID reader?

A
  • Contactless payments

advantages: Fast transaction (no pin), Data wirelessly transferred securely, Retailers don’t have to access customer credit/debit information

disadvantages: Transaction limit is smaller, RFID signals can be read/intercepted

98
Q

What are analogue sensors?

A
  • Measure environmental data e.g. temperature, light, sound, humidity etc.

advantages: Generally accurate, Provides real-time information, Automatic, Can collect data from places where they may be threat to human life

disadvantages: May require calibration, Data must be converted to digital data (ADC), Data may need to be checked for accuracy

99
Q

What is an output device?

A

hardware components that receive information from a computer system and present it to the user in a comprehensible form

They enable the computer to communicate the results of processed data or commands

100
Q

What are some types of output devices?

A

CRT monitor, LCD monitor, LED monitor, laser printer

101
Q

What are the uses/features of a CRT monitor?

A

Display output from a computer

Screen size is measured diagonally in inches

Resolution is the number of pixels measured horizontally across the screen

102
Q

What are the uses/features of a CRT monitor?

A

Display output from a computer

Screen size is measured diagonally in inches

Resolution is the number of pixels measured horizontally across the screen

103
Q

What are the advantages of a CRT monitor?

A

Large viewing angles

Can be used with light pens

104
Q

What are the disadvantages of a CRT monitor?

A

Run hot

Heavy

Consume more power (than other monitor types)

105
Q

What are the advantages of a LCD monitor?

A

Low power

Lightweight

No flickering

No image burn-in

106
Q

What are the disadvantages of a LCD monitor?

A

Motion blur/ghosting

Colour & contrast variable from different viewing angles

107
Q

What are the features of an LED monitor?

A

Display output from a computer

Screen size is measured diagonally in inches

Resolution is the number of pixels measured horizontally across the screen

108
Q

What are the advantages of an LED monitor?

A

No motion blur/ghosting

Low power

Long life

109
Q

What are the disadvantages of an LED monitor?

A

More expensive (than LCD)

Contrast can be poor

110
Q

What is the use of a laser printer?

A

High volume printing

Electronically charged toner

Dry ink

111
Q

What are the advantages of a laser printer?

A

Fast

High-quality prints

Lower cost per page

112
Q

What are the disadvantages of a laser printer?

A

Expensive initial cost

Limited to flat surfaces

113
Q

What are the features/uses of an inkjet printer?

A

Home printing & photographs

Uses wet ink separated into black, cyan, magenta & yellow

Tiny dots sprayed onto paper

114
Q

What are the advantages of an inkjet printer?

A

Lower initial cost

High-quality prints

Ink can be refilled

115
Q

What are the disadvantages of an inkjet printer?

A

Slower

Higher cost per page

Ink may smudge

116
Q

What are the features/uses of a dot matrix printer?

A

Useful when printing multiple copies

Paper is impacted through a ribbon of ink

117
Q

What are the disadvantages of an dot matrix printer?

A

Noisy

Low print quality

Slow

118
Q

What are the advantages of an dot matrix printer?

A

Low cost

Can print multi-part forms

Very good for long print runs

119
Q

What are the disadvantages of a dot matrix printer?

A

Noisy

Low print quality

Slow

120
Q

What are the features/uses of a 3D printer?

A

Create real-life versions of digital models

121
Q

What are the advantages of a 3D printer?

A

Customisable designs

Rapid prototyping

Medical benefits

122
Q

What are the disadvantages of a 3D printer?

A

Limited materials

Slow process

Counterfeit items easier to produce

Very expensive

123
Q

What are the features/uses of plotters?

A

Create drawings & blueprints

124
Q

What are the advantages of plotters?

A

High accuracy

Can print on various materials

Inexpensive to run

125
Q

What are the disadvantages of plotters?

A

Slow

Expensive to buy

Large size

126
Q

What are the uses/features of a multimedia projector?

A

Output computer usually to much larger display

127
Q

What are the advantages of a multimedia projector?

A

Large display

Good for presentations

Space saving

128
Q

What are the disadvantages of a multimedia projector?

A

Requires darkened room

Expensive bulbs

Need separate audio

Quality is variable

129
Q

What are the uses/features of speakers?

A

Output audio

130
Q

What are the advantages of speakers?

A

Range of sizes and power outputs

Immersive audio

Helps people with disabilities

131
Q

What are the disadvantages of speakers?

A

Expensive for higher quality output

Varying sound quality

132
Q

What are the features/uses of actuators?

A

Control motors, pumps, switches etc.

133
Q

What are the advantages of actuators?

A

Precise movement

Programmable

Allow automatic control of many devices

134
Q

What are the disadvantages of actuators?

A

Requires power

Potential mechanical wear

Requires DAC interface

135
Q

List two peripheral devices that could be used to input text by people who are unable to use a mouse and keyboard

[2]

A

Any two from:

Microphone

Touchscreen

Trackpad

(Graphics) tablet

Camera / Eye tracker / Gesture sensor/reader

136
Q

What is a storage device?

A

the hardware that reads from and writes to different storage medias

Storage devices are non-volatile secondary storage, that retain digital data within a computer system

They provide a means of storing, accessing, and retrieving data, which can include software applications, documents, images, videos, and more

There are 3 types of storage device:

Magnetic
Solid State
Optical

137
Q

What is magnetic storage?

A

Magnetic storage is a type of non-volatile media that uses magnets (polarity) to store binary 0s and 1s

138
Q

What are the advantages of magnetic storage?

A
  • capacity (high storage)
  • cost (low per gigabyte)
  • speed , moderate read/write acess
139
Q

What are the disadvantages of magnetic storage?

A
  • durability as moving parts can get damaged if dropped
  • portability as they are heavy and bulky making them less convenient for transport
  • reliability
    noise- loud spinning disks
140
Q

What is solid state storage?

A

a type of non-volatile media that uses electronic circuits to store binary 0s and 1s

141
Q

What are the advantages of solid state storage?

A
  • capacity (medium/high storage)
  • speed (fast read/write access)
  • durability (no moving parts)
  • portability
    noise (silent)
142
Q

What are the disadvantages of solid state storage?

A
  • cost as very high per gigabyte
  • reliability as limited read/write cycles
143
Q

What is optical storage?

A

a type of non-volatile media that uses lasers to burn the surface of a disk, creating pits and lands suitable for storing binary 0s and 1s

144
Q

What are the advantages of optical storage?

A
  • cost as very low per gigabyte
  • durability as no moving parts
  • portability as small and no moving parts
  • noise is silent
145
Q

What are the disadvantages of optical storage?

A
  • capacity is very low
  • speed is very slow read/write access
  • reliability - prone to scratches
146
Q

What is a capacity of storage?

A

describe the amounts of binary digits that can be stored on a digital device

Bit- b- 1 or 0

Nibble- 4 b

Byte- B- 8 b

Kibibyte- KiB- 1024 B (210)

Mebibyte- MiB- 1,048,576 KB (220)

Gibibyte- GiB- 1,073,741,824 MB (230)

Tebibyte- TiB- 1,099,511,626,776GB (240)

147
Q

Explain one benefit of using solid state storage with a smartphone

[2]

A

Data (transfer) will not be negatively affected by movement / less risk of damage to the drive [1]…

…because solid state storage does not use moving parts [1]

OR

Smartphones are portable [1]…

…because solid state storage takes up less space / has no moving parts [1]

OR

Longer battery life [1]…

…because solid state storage uses less power [1]

148
Q

What is storage media?

A

Storage media is the physical media that holds non-volatile data

Storage devices have a specific read/write mechanism built in to interact with a particular storage media

For example, magnetic tape media is read by a magnetic storage device

149
Q

What are hard disks?

A
  • Hard disks are a magnetic storage media
  • Made up of platters that spin on a central spindle
  • A read/write head moves on an arm across the platter to read/write data

The amount of time taken to read/write data is influenced by:

How fast the platters spin (measured in revolutions per minute (RPM))
How fast the head moves across the platter
Used in personal computers, servers and backups

150
Q

What is optical media?

A

Used with an optical storage device

All optical media is recordable (CD-R, DVD-R, BD-R)
Some optical media can be re-written (CD-RW, DVD-RW, BD-RE)
Used for multimedia (music, games & films)

CDs- up to 700 MB data

DVDs- 4.7 GB single sided/single layer
18 GB double sides/double layer

Blu-ray- 25 GB single sided, 50 GB double sided

151
Q

What is flash media?

A

Flash media is a solid state storage media

More reliable than a hard disk as contains no moving parts

Very fast read/write speeds

Used in mobile devices, laptops

152
Q

What is magnetic tape?

A

Old technology used primarily for recording sound

Now used to store vast amounts of data (backups)

Very slow read/write speeds

Used for whole system backups and archives

153
Q

A USB flash memory card has 64 MiB of storage capacity.

Construct an expression to show how many bits are in 64 MiB

[3]

A

1 mark for sight of 8

1 mark for sight of 1024

1 mark for complete expression: 64 x 10242 x 8

…including all parts multiplied

All three marks for the result of the calculation: 536,870,912

154
Q

What is RAM?

A

RAM (Random Access Memory) is primary storage that is directly connected to the CPU and holds the data and instructions that are currently in use (temporary)

RAM is volatile which means the contents of RAM are lost when the power is turned off

For the CPU to access the data and instructions they must be copied from secondary storage

RAM is very fast working memory, much faster than secondary storage

RAM is read/write which means data can be read from and written to

In comparison to ROM, it has a much larger capacity

RAM capacity can be increased to improve performance

155
Q

What is ROM?

A

ROM (Read Only Memory) is primary storage that holds the first instructions a computer needs to start up (Boot file)

ROM contains the BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

ROM is a small memory chip located on the computers motherboard

ROM is fast memory, much faster than secondary storage but slower than RAM

ROM is non-volatile which means the contents of ROM are not lost when the power is turned off

ROM is read only which means data can only be read from

In comparison to RAM, it has a much smaller capacity

ROM capacity can not be increased

Some types of ROM can be changed

EPROM - erasable programmable read only memory

EEPROM - electronically erasable programmable read only memory

156
Q

What are the differences between RAM and ROM?

A

Stores- ram- data and programs in use, rom- boot file
Capacity- ram- variable, rom- fixed
Contents- ram- variable, rom- fixed
Contents- ram- temporary, rom- permanent
Read/write- ram- read and write, rom- read only

157
Q

What is flash memory?

A

Flash memory is a type of EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

Non-volatile

Fast access times

Low power consumption

Used in solid state drives, USB drives and SD memory cards

158
Q

What is the purpose of the CPU?

A

The purpose of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is to execute instructions

The CPU achieves this by completing processor cycles

A modern CPU is capable of performing billions of processor cycles in one second

159
Q

Explain one negative impact of a user decreasing the amount of RAM in a computer

[3]

A

Programs will load more slowly / Fewer applications can be open at the same time [1]…

…as they are more reliant on being read from secondary storage / virtual memory / HDD / SSD [1]…

…which has slower read/write times than RAM [1]

160
Q

What is the central processing unit cycle stages?

A

Fetch stage
During the fetch stage of the cycle, the next instruction or data must be fetched from the computer’s memory (RAM)
The instruction or data is brought back to the CPU

Decode stage
During the decode stage of the cycle, the CPU needs to work out what is required from the instruction
This could be a range of tasks depending on what the instruction or data included

Execute stage
During the execute stage of the cycle, the CPU will carry out the instruction that was fetched
Some examples that would take place at this stage are
Performing a calculation
Storing a result or data back in main memory (RAM)
Going to main memory to fetch data from a different location

161
Q

How is the speed of a processor measured?

A

The speed of a processor is measured by it’s clock speed

Clock speed is measured in Hertz (Hz)

The clock speed measures the number of processor cycles that can take place in 1 second

The faster the clock speed, the more instructions can be fetched and executed per second

Modern computers have a clock speed in Gigahertz (GHz), meaning billion

A clock speed of 3.5GHz can perform up to 3.5 billion instructions per second

162
Q

What is meant by the number of cores?

A

A core works like it is its own CPU

Multiple core processors mean they have multiple separate processing units that can fetch, decode and execute instructions at the same time

Multi-core processors can run more powerful programs with greater ease

Multiple cores increase the performance of the CPU by working with the clock speed

Example: A quad-core CPU (4 cores), running at a clock speed of 3Ghz

4 cores x 3GHz

4 x 3 billion instructions

12 billion instructions per second

163
Q

Describe how the speed of the processor affects a users experience when playing a game

[4]

A

A description to include four from:

Faster processors fetch/decode/execute more instructions/data / have more cycles [1] per second [1]

so:

graphics render more quickly / at greater resolution [1]

making the visuals smoother / graphics can be displayed at greater resolution [1]

making the environment more realistic [1]

more actions can be carried out [1]

making the gameplay more immersive/exciting [1]

164
Q

What are the types features of devices?

A

Desktops: Ideal for high-performance tasks including graphic design, and video editing

Laptops: Portable, with similar functionality to a desktop, and suitable for a wide range of tasks including studying and day-to-day business

Tablets: Lightweight, touch-controlled, good for reading, browsing, and simple applications

Smartphones: Highly portable, useful for communication and light computing tasks including email and web browsing

165
Q

What are the types of peripherals?

A

Keyboards and mouse: Essential for desktop setups and for ergonomic options to enhance comfort

Monitors: Larger screens improve productivity and reduce eye strain - they are also essential in aiding the use of computers for users with severe visual impairment

Printers and scanners: Necessary for hard copy documentation, including increasing the size of documentation for users

External storage: Provides additional or backup storage capacity

166
Q

What type of peripherals aid accessibility?

A

Ergonomic keyboards: Designed to reduce strain on the hands, wrists and arms by preventing repetitive stress injuries (RSI)

Screen readers: Assist visually impaired users by reading text aloud to them

Braille displays: Enable visually impaired users to read digital text

Braille keyboard: Enables visually impaired users to use the keyboard effectively

Braille printers: Prints a hard copy of a document in braille for visually impaired users to read

Haptic feedback/vibration devices: Provides feedback to the user without reliance of visuals or sound

Reading pen: Allows users with dyslexia to interpret text

167
Q

How can Software can be broken down into categories, depending on a user’s needs?

A

Productivity software

Specialised software

Accessibility software

168
Q

What is productivity software?

A

Word processors: Essential for creating and editing documents

Spreadsheets: Used for data analysis and data management

Presentation tools: Vital for creating engaging presentations

169
Q

What is specialised software?

A

CAD programs: Necessary for design and engineering tasks

Graphic design tools: Critical for creating visual content

Database management systems: Important for organising and managing large data sets

170
Q

What is accessibility software?

A

Screen readers: Convert digital text into speech for visually impaired users

Voice recognition software: Allows users to control devices and input text using voice commands

Magnification tools: Enlarge text and images on the screen for users with low vision

171
Q

How can you match these types of software to users needs?

A

Ensures optimal performance and accessibility

An example of this would be text-to-speech software which aids students with dyslexia in reading and comprehension

172
Q

What is system configuration?

A

Display settings: Adjust screen resolution, brightness, and font size for better readability

Audio settings: Customise volume and audio output options to enhance listening experience

Accessibility features: Enable high-contrast modes, screen magnifiers, and voice commands.

173
Q

What is system configuration?

A

Display settings: Adjust screen resolution, brightness, and font size for better readability

Audio settings: Customise volume and audio output options to enhance listening experience

Accessibility features: Enable high-contrast modes, screen magnifiers, and voice commands.

174
Q

What is hardware and software settings?

A

Using hardware and software settings to enhance a users experience and specifically meet their needs comes with great benefits, these include:

Enhances usability and productivity

Ensures the ICT system meets specific operational and security requirements

There are many ways hardware and software can be configured to meet a user’s needs, some of these include:

Network settings

Adding user permissions

Security protocols

Network settings: Configure network connections, set up virtual networks and manage bandwidth to ensure users and guest users all have a positive experience

User permissions: Assign user roles, restrict access to sensitive data, and ensure data security

Security protocols: Implement firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption for enhanced data protection

175
Q

What are hardware solutions?

A

Adjustable monitor stands: Provide ergonomic viewing positions to reduce strain

Alternative input devices: Use trackballs, head pointers, or adaptive keyboards for users with limited dexterity

There is a wide variety of other accessibility hardware features available such as:

Gesture interface
Braille keyboards
Reading pen
Puff suck switch
Foot pedals
Eye typers

176
Q

What are software solutions?

A

Screen readers: Assist users with visual impairments by reading on-screen text aloud

Voice-to-text applications: Enable users to dictate text and control devices via voice commands

Customisable keyboard shortcuts: Simplify navigation and command execution for users with motor impairments

177
Q

Some learners have accessibility needs. Describe two way that ICT systems can be configured to support learners with accessibility needs [4]

A

Answers

Gesture interface [1]
allows data entry for those with low levels of mobility/dexterity [1]

Braille keyboards [1]
would allow those with visual impairments to enter data [1]

Reading pen [1]
allows users with dyslexia to interpret text [1]

178
Q

How can Software can be broken down into categories, depending on a user’s needs?

A

Productivity software

Specialised software

Accessibility software

ICT THEORY (4 decks)

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