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Biology > Unit 1- Diet And Fighting Disease > Flashcards

Unit 1- Diet And Fighting Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

Releasing energy.

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2
Q

What is fibre for?

A

Keeping everything running smoothly through digestive system.

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3
Q

What is protein for?

A

Cell replacement and repair and overall growth.

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4
Q

What are fats for?

A

Keeping warm and storing energy.

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5
Q

What is needed in tiny amounts?

A

Vitamins and mineral ions to keep skin, bones and blood and everything healthy.

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6
Q

What are chemical reactions in your body called?

A

Your metabolism.

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7
Q

What is the rate called that chemical reactions take place in the body at?

A

Metabolic rate.

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8
Q

Does muscle or fatty tissue requires more energy?

A

Muscle, so those with a higher prop of muscle to fat (all other things being equal) will have a higher metabolic rate.

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9
Q

True or false, women have a higher metabolic rate than men.

A

False, men are typically bigger and have more muscle so needs more energy as they have more cells.

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10
Q

What does exercise do to your resting metabolic rate?

A

It boosts it as exercise builds muscle.

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11
Q

Do people who have more or less active jobs need more energy?

A

Those with more active jobs as when you exercise, your metabolic rate goes up and stays up burning energy.

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12
Q

True or false, your activity level affects the amount of energy your diet should contain?

A

True, if you do little exercise you need less energy so less fat and carbs.

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13
Q

What is being malnourished?

A

When your diet is badly out of balance.

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14
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Bad diet, lack of exercise, overeating, hormonal issues.

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15
Q

What is defined as being obese?

A

20% over the recommended body mass.

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16
Q

What can obesity cause?

A

Arthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. It’s also a risk factor for some cancers.

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17
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the joints.

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18
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Being unable to control blood sugar level.

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19
Q

What can eating too much saturated fat cause?

A

High blood cholesterol levels.

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20
Q

What can eating too much salt cause?

A

High blood pressure and heart problems.

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21
Q

What can lack of food cause?

A

Slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection and irregular periods. It can also cause deficiency diseases.

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22
Q

What are deficiency diseases?

A

Caused by a lack of vitamins or minerals. Scurvy is caused by lack of Vit C that causes problems with skin joints and gums.

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23
Q

What do eyes have that allow them to detect stimuli?

A

Light receptors (cells that are sensitive to light), these have nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane.

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24
Q

What do noses have to allow them to detect stimuli?

A

Smell receptors which allow them to detect chemical stimuli.

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25
Q

What do ears have that allow them to detect stimuli?

A

Sound receptors and they also have balance receptors.

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26
Q

What does skin detect?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, temperature change.

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27
Q

What does the tongue have that allows it to detect stimuli?

A

Taste receptors which detect chemical stimuli.

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28
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Carry signals from sensory neurones to the motor neurones.

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29
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

The nerve cells that carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector muscles or glands.

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30
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Nerve cells carry signals as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to the central nervous system.

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31
Q

What are the effectors?

A

Muscles and glands.

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32
Q

What do muscles do in the central nervous system?

A

Contract in response to a nervous impulse.

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33
Q

What do glands do in the central nervous system?

A

They secrete hormones.

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34
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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35
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Where all the information from the sense organs are sent and where reflexes and actions are coordinated.

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36
Q

What do the nerve cells do?

A

Transmit information as electrical impulses to and from the Central nervous system.

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37
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones.

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38
Q

How is a nerve signal transferred across a synapse?

A

Transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap.

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39
Q

What do chemicals do once they’ve diffused across a synapse?

A

Set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

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40
Q

What are reflexes for?

A

To prevent injury.

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41
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Automatic response to a certain stimuli which can reduce the chance of you getting injured.

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42
Q

Give an example of a reflex.

A

Someone shines a bright light in your eye, your pupils automatically get smaller so less light gets into the eye.

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43
Q

What hormone does your body release if you get a shock?

A

Adrenaline.

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44
Q

What is the passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) called?

A

A reflex arc.

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45
Q

What do the neurones in reflex arcs go through?

A

Spinal cord or through unconscious part of the brain.

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46
Q

What is the first stage of the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus is detected by receptors and impulses are sent along sensory neurone to the central nervous system.

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47
Q

What is the first synapse?

A

Sensory and motor.

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48
Q

What neurone are impulses sent along after crossing to the motor neurone?

A

Relay neurone.

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49
Q

What is the second synapse in the reflex arc?

A

Relay and motor.

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50
Q

What neurone carries impulses to the effector?

A

The motor neurone.

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51
Q

Define hormones.

A

Chemical substances that coordinate many processes within your body.

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52
Q

What secretes hormones into your body?

A

Special glands make and release them.

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53
Q

What do hormones often do and how fast do they act?

A

Regulate function of many organs and cells, they can act quickly but often their effects are slow and long lasting.

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54
Q

Where are the hormones for the menstrual cycle made?

A

A women’s pitituary gland.

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55
Q

What part of the body controls the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovaries.

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56
Q

What happens to a women’s hormones every month?

A

Rise and fall in a regular pattern.

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57
Q

What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days.

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58
Q

What happens each month in the womb of a woman?

A

Lining starts to thicken in readiness to support a developing baby.

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59
Q

What happens at the same time as the womb lining starts to thicken in the menstrual cycle?

A

Egg starts maturing in the ovary.

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60
Q

What happens 14 days after the egg has started maturing in the menstrual cycle?

A

The egg is released which is known as ovulation, the womb lining stays thick for several days after.

61
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilised by a sperm?

A

The lining of the womb and the dead egg are shed from the body.

62
Q

What do the hormones from the pituitary gland also get the ovaries to produce apart from eggs maturing?

A

The production of the female sex hormone oestrogen.

63
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the pituary gland that stimulates eggs maturing and the production of oestrogen?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

64
Q

Where is oestrogen made and what does it stimulate?

A

Made and secreted by ovaries, stimulates lining of womb to build up ready for pregnancy and it slows down the production of more FSH.

65
Q

What are the two other hormones apart from FSH and oestrogen involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

Lutenising hormone and progesterone.

66
Q

What happens when oestrogen levels rise during the menstrual cycle?

A

They inhibit production of FSH and encourage LH by the pituary gland.

67
Q

What is the most popular way to control fertility?

A

The oral contraceptive.

68
Q

What does the oral contraceptive contain?

A

Female hormones particularly oestrogen which prevents release of eggs as the pill inhibits production of FSH so no eggs can mature meaning a women can’t get pregnant.

69
Q

What are the disadvantages of the contraceptive pill?

A

Has to be taken regularly otherwise artificial hormone levels will drop and the body will take over.

70
Q

What did the first contraceptive pills contain?

A

Large levels of oestrogen which caused high blood pressure and headaches in some women.

71
Q

What do modern contraceptive pills contain?

A

Low doses of oestrogen with some progesterone.

72
Q

Why are progesterone only pills not as effective as the mixed pill (oestrogen and progesterone)?

A

Because they don’t stop the eggs from maturing.

73
Q

Why might a women not be able to get pregnant?

A

Lack of female hormones or they don’t make enough FSH to stimulate the maturing of eggs.

74
Q

What can be used as a fertility drug?

A

Artificial FSH.

75
Q

Where does conception normally take place?

A

The Fallopian tubes (the tube between the ovary and the womb where the egg travels along)

76
Q

What does it mean if a women’s Fallopian tubes are damaged?

A

The eggs cannot reach the womb so the mother cannot conceive naturally.

77
Q

What happens in IVF?

A

Eggs are collected from ovary and are fertilised with sperm outside of the body.
They develop into embryos.
Embryos are inserted back into womb of mother, bypassing faulty tubes.

78
Q

What is a woman given during IVF to make sure as many eggs as possible mature?

A

FSH.

79
Q

What is given at the end of a cycle of IVF?

A

Lutenising hormone to make sure all the mature eggs are released.

80
Q

Why is it hard to develop vaccines for viruses?

A

They tend to mutate often so the changes in their DNA can lead to them having different antigens.

81
Q

What has increased antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

Over prescribing of antibiotics.

82
Q

How does bacteria make you feel ill?

A

By damaging your cells

Producing toxins.

83
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

Damage cells/kill them.

84
Q

How do viruses replicate themselves?

A

By invading your cells and using the cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves.

85
Q

What happens after viruses replicate themselves in your cells?

A

The cell will usually burst, releasing all the new viruses making you ill.

86
Q

What stops microorganisms getting into your body?

A

Skin, hairs, mucus in your respiratory tract.

87
Q

How does the body prevent microorganisms getting in via cuts?

A

Small fragments of cells (platelets) help blood to clot quickly to seal wounds.

88
Q

What is the most important part of your immune system?

A

White blood cells which travel around in your blood.

89
Q

What are the white blood cells three lines of attack against invading microbes?

A

Consuming them, producing antibodies and producing antitoxins.

90
Q

What does each invading cell have on its surface?

A

Unique molecules called antigens.

91
Q

What happens when your white blood cells come across a foreign antigen?

A

Start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock on and kill it.

92
Q

True or false, antibodies are specific to types of antigens.

A

True.

93
Q

What happens after antibodies are produced?

A

Carried around the body to kill all similar bacteria or viruses.

94
Q

What happens if a person is infected with a pathogen it has already encountered?

A

White blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it (the person is naturally immune to that specific antigen).

95
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Inject small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms.

96
Q

Why do vaccines work?

A

The dead or inactive bacteria/virus contains antigens which cause your body to create antibodies even though it is harmless.

97
Q

What happens if live microorganisms appear after a vaccination?

A

The white blood cells can rapidly mass produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen.

98
Q

What do organisms of the same species have?

A

Differences.

99
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Genetic variation and environmental variation.

100
Q

What are the differences in a species called?

A

Variation.

101
Q

What causes genetic variation?

A

Different genes.

102
Q

What do all plants and animals have?

A

Genes that are similar to their parents.

103
Q

What are an organisms characteristics determined by?

A

Genes inherited from their parents.

104
Q

What are genes passed on in?

A

Sex cells or gametes from which the offspring develop.

105
Q

Where do most animals and some plants get genes from?

A

Some from their mother, some from their father.

106
Q

What does the combining of a mother and fathers genes do?

A

Cause genetic variation, no two of the same species are genetically identical apart from identical twins.

107
Q

What characteristics are determined by genes only?

A

Eg in plants, violet flower colour

Eg in humans, eye colour, blood group, inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis.

108
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Environment that organisms live and grow causes differences between members of the same species.

109
Q

Give an example of an environmental variation.

A

Getting a sun tan.

Yellow leaves on plants.

110
Q

What are most characteristics due to?

A

A combination of genetic and environmental factors.

111
Q

Give an example where a mixture of genes and environmental factors affect something.

A

Maximum height an animal or plant can grow to is determined by its genes.
Actually grows that tall depends on its environment.

112
Q

What do most cells have in your body and what do they contain?

A

Most cells have a nucleus which contains your genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

113
Q

What does the human cell nucleus contain?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes.

114
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

Genes.

115
Q

What do different genes control?

A

Development of different characteristics.

116
Q

What is a gene in terms of chromosomes and DNA?

A

Short length of chromosome

Long length of DNA.

117
Q

How is the arms of the chromosome made?

A

DNA coils up.

118
Q

What can there be different versions of?

A

Same gene which give different versions of a characteristic like blue or brown eyes.

119
Q

What are the different versions of the same gene called?

A

Alleles.

120
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic information from two organisms ie mother and father is combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parent.

121
Q

In sexual reproduction, what do the mother and father produce?

A

Gametes eg egg and sperm cells.

122
Q

What does each gamete in humans contain?

A

23 chromosomes, half the number in a normal cell.

123
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a cell with the full number of chromosomes, half from each parent.

124
Q

What does it mean in terms of genes if there are two parents?

A

They will have a mixture of their parents genes.

125
Q

Why does the offspring inherit features from both parents?

A

Received a mixture of chromosomes from its mum and dad.

126
Q

What does mixture of genetic material produce?

A

Variation in the offspring.

127
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

Genetically identical cells.

128
Q

How can an ordinary cell make a new cell in asexual reproduction?

A

By dividing in two, the new cell has exactly same genetic information as parent cell.

129
Q

Does asexual reproduction have one or two patents?

A

One.

130
Q

What is the process of asexual reproduction?

A

X shaped chromosomes have two identical halves.
Each chromosome splits down middle.
Forms two identical sets of half chromosomes (two sets of DNA strands)
Membrane forms around each set.
DNA replicates itself to form two identical cells with complete sets of X shaped chromosomes.

131
Q

What is asexual reproduction for?

A

Plants and animals grow and produce replacement cells.

Some organisms produce offspring like bacteria and certain plants.

132
Q

What is a tropic level?

A

Feeding level in a pyramid of biomass.

133
Q

What happens when you move up a trophic level in a pyramid of biomass?

A

There is less energy, less biomass and often less organisms.

134
Q

What does each bar on a pyramid of biomass represent?

A

Mass of living material at each stage of the food chain.

135
Q

What is the bar along the bottom of a pyramid of biomass?

A

Primary producer ie plants.

136
Q

What is the second bar in the pyramid of biomass?

A

Primary consumer.

137
Q

What is the source of energy for nearly all life?

A

The sun.

138
Q

What do green plants and algae use a small percentage of in photosynthesis?

A

Suns light energy which is used to make food and the energy is stored in the substances that make up the cells of plants and algae.

139
Q

What does respiration mean in terms of energy transfer in a pyramid of biomass?

A

Respiration supplies energy for all life processes including movement.
Most energy is lost to surroundings as heat.
Mammals and birds- bodies must be kept at constant temp which is normally higher than surroundings.

140
Q

Give a reason why some of the material of plants and animals does not move up to the next stage of food chain?

A

It’s inedible like bone and material and energy are lost from the food chain in the organisms waste materials.

141
Q

Why do you hardly ever get food chains with more than five trophic levels?

A

So much energy is lost at each stage so there’s not enough left to support mode organisms after about four or five stages.

142
Q

How are elements cycled back to start of the food chain?

A

By decay.

143
Q

What are living things made out of?

A

Materials they take from the world around them.

144
Q

What do plants take from the soil or the air?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

145
Q

What do plants turn carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen into?

A

Complex compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats that make up living organisms then pass through food chain.

146
Q

How are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen returned to the environment?

A

Waste products products produced by organisms or when the organisms die.

147
Q

Why do materials decay?

A

They are broken down (digested) by microorganisms.

148
Q

In what conditions do microorganisms work best?

A

Warm, moist conditions with plenty of oxygen.

Biology (3 decks)

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