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Physics > Unit 1 Defenitions > Flashcards

Unit 1 Defenitions Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

Scalar

A

Quantity with size only, e.g., distance

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2
Q

Vector

A

Quantity with size and direction, e.g., velocity

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3
Q

Friction

A

Force opposing motion

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4
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

If there is no resultant force an object it will :
-stay at rest
-or moves with uniform velocity

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5
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

A resultant force will cause an object to accelerate
The acceleration is directly proportional to the size of the resultant force and acts in the same direction

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6
Q

Weight

A

Force due to gravity on an object

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7
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in a body

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8
Q

Acceleration of free fall, ‘g’

A

g = 10 m/s2.
The acceleration of an object allowed to fall freely from rest

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9
Q

Retardation

A

Negative acceleration or deceleration

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10
Q

Hooke’s law

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

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11
Q

Moment of a force

A

Force applied multiplied by perpendicular distance from the pivot

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12
Q

Principle of Moments

A

When an object is in equilibrium the total clockwise moment about a point equals the total anticlockwise moment about the same point

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13
Q

Centre of Gravity

A

Point where object’s weight appears to act

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14
Q

Density

A

Mass per unit volume of material

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15
Q

Pressure

A

Force per unit cross-sectional area

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16
Q

Principle of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another
The total amount of energy does not change

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17
Q

Renewable source

A

Resource which is naturally replenished within a human lifetime

18
Q

Non-renewable source

A

Resource with a finite supply of energy which will run out some time

19
Q

Work done

A

Force applied multiplied by distance moved

20
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy possessed by a moving object

21
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Energy possessed due to an objects position (height) in a gravitational field

22
Q

Power

A

Rate at which work is done
Amount of work done (or energy transferred) in 1 second.

23
Q

Efficiency

A

Fraction of input energy as useful output

24
Q

Rutherford-Bohr model of atom

A

Small, dense, positive nucleus surrounded by shells of orbiting electrons

25
Q

Atomic number Z

A

Total protons in an atom’s nucleus

26
Q

Mass number A

A

Total protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

27
Q

Isotope

A

Different forms of the same element with the same atomic number (and same no. of protons) but different mass numbers (and no. of neutrons)

28
Q

Radioactive

A

Unstable nucleus which randomly and spontaneously decays by emitting radiation (alpha, beta or gamma)

29
Q

Background radiation

A

Radiation detected when no radioactive sources are present

30
Q

Half Life

A

Time taken for the activity to fall to half its original value.

31
Q

Alpha radiation

A

Particle identical to a helium nucleus; 2 protons and 2 neutrons
Charge +2
Mass 4u

32
Q

Beta radiation

A

Fast electron emitted from unstable nucleus
Charge -1
Mass 1/1836 u

33
Q

Gamma radiation

A

High energy electromagnetic radiation

34
Q

Ionisation

A

Changing a neutral atom into a charged ion by removing an electron.

35
Q

Fission

A

The splitting of a heavy nucleus (by absorption of a neutron) into 2 or more smaller nuclei, 2 or 3 neutrons and a large amount of energy

36
Q

Fusion

A

The joining of 2 light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy.

37
Q

Conduction

A

Heat transfer through solids
- When heated the atoms vibrate faster and with a bigger amplitude (larger vibrations).
- They collide with neighbouring atoms and pass the heat energy along in the form of kinetic energy.

38
Q

Conductor

A

A material which allows heat to pass through it easily (Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons)
- the free electrons gain kinetic energy.
- They move faster and transfer the energy through the metal by colliding into multiple atoms
This method is much quick than passing from atom to atom

39
Q

Convection

A

Method of heat transfer in liquids and gas
This method involves the movement of particles

40
Q

Convection current

A

Particles above heat source gain kinetic energy
- This causes them to move faster and further apart
- This part of liquid/gas becomes less dense and rises
- Cooler particles take the place of the particles which rose

41
Q

Radiation

A

Heat travelling in self-supporting electromagnetic waves

Physics (2 decks)

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