Unit 1 Day 1

Question 1

Pope Zacharias

Answer 1

751 - Crowned Carolingian Pepin the Short as the new king. Began alliance between Papacy and the Frankish kingdom - momentous effect on medieval history - beginning of Middle Ages proper according to some.

Question 2

Charlemagne

Answer 2

Pepin the Short’s son. Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in the year 800. Reign called by Cook the “first medieval synthesis.” Widened the separation between East and West churches.

Question 3

Pope Leo III

Answer 3

Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in the year 800.

Question 4

Caesaropapism

Answer 4

A feeling that the Byznatine emperors had that they could dominate the pope in the same way they had lorded it over the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Question 5

Between Council of Chalcedon in 451 and papal alliance with Carolingians in 751.

Answer 5

The Papacy was under the political control of the Byzantine Empire.

Question 6

Pope Gregory I, the “Great”

Answer 6

590-604 Greatly enhanced the temporal power and prestige of the Papacy.

Question 7

The Byzantine Empire

Answer 7

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453

Question 8

By the year 700 what issues were dividing the Western and Eastern churches?

Answer 8

Language - Less commercial activity - different liturgies - The date of Easter - Celibate or married priests - The Filioque - Culture Germanic and Celtic - Political situation-growing power of the Franks - Differing canon laws

Question 9

Papacy in the seventh century

Answer 9

Growing prestige

Question 10

“Universal Bishop”

Answer 10

The title given to Pope Boniface III in 607 from the Byzantine Empire.

Question 11

Rome’s prestige soared with…

Answer 11

as the popularity of relics grew.

Question 12

Several Greeks in the later seventh century…

Answer 12

became pope and helped make the Pope as sophisticated as the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Question 13

Constantinople

Answer 13

Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that’s now known as Istanbul. First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to its prime geographic location between Europe and Asia and its natural harbor. In 330 A.D., it became the site of Roman Emperor Constantine’s “New Rome,” a Christian city of immense wealth and magnificent architecture. Constantinople stood as the seat of the Byzantine Empire for the next 1,100 years, enduring periods of great fortune and horrific sieges, until being overrun by Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

Question 14

Emperor Constantine IV (668-685) ushered in an era of…

Answer 14

improved relations between Constantinople and Rome when he cooperated with Pope Agatho and hosted the Sixth Ecumenical Council (680-681).

Question 15

In 710 Pope Constantine I (707-715) visited Constantinople and…

Answer 15

Emperor Justinian II kissed his feet.

Question 17

Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (717-741)

Answer 17

Became emperor in 717 when Theodosius III renounced the throne. Saved the city from the Arabs with the Bulgars help. In 726 ordered that the army take down the icon at the entrance to the emperor’s palace. This triggered riots in Constantinople.

Question 18

Iconodules

Answer 18

Majority in Constantinople who opposed Leo III policy against icons. Included monks, most women, and the urban aristocracy.

Question 19

Iconoclasts

Answer 19

Supported Leo III and the policy against icons. Mostly armed forces, herdsman and ranchers.

Question 20

Constantine V

Answer 20

Emperor Leo IIIs’ son. Confirmed the ban on the use of icons in a council in 754. Arguments - the use of icons encouraged the people to trust in Mary and the saints as intercessors and also to trust in relics.

Question 21

Iconoclastic policy enhanced…

Answer 21

the power of the emperor over the church.

Question 22

John of Damascus (675-750)

Answer 22

Chief theological spokesman for the iconodules during the first stage of the controversy. Wrote - “Against Those Who Depreciate the Holy Images.” Worship vs. Veneration. Said the iconoclasts were denying the human nature of Christ and denigrating the visible world. Since the Son is an image of the Father, an icon is an image of the Image. Romans 1:20

Question 23

Iconoclastic Council of 754

Answer 23

Icons inadmissible because they limited the divine nature of Christ. In no way could the human nature of Christ depicted in an icon be thought to represent or be an image of His divine nature.

Question 24

Gregory II (715-731)

Answer 24

Against iconoclasm. Promoted pilgrimages to Rome. In 723 commissioned the English missionary Boniface to evangelize Germany. Good administrator of the “Patrimony of Peter.” Reacted to the veneration of icons by refusing to send more money or men for the Byzantine Army. Repudiated the decree for two reasons: 1) A layman (emperor) could not determine doctrine 2) Iconoclasm was a negation of the incarnation.

Question 25

Gregory III

Answer 25

From Syria, knew Greek and Latin well. Against iconoclasm by convoking a council in 732. Leo III retaliated by putting the see of Illyria under Constantinople instead of under Rome. Feared the Lombards, tried to ally himself with the Frankish chamberlain Charles Martel (714-741) but Martel refused saying the Lombards had helped him defeat the Arabs. Gregory III was the first pope to issue coins for use in territories governed by the pope.

Question 26

Pope Zacharias (741-752)

Answer 26

The Donation of Constantine was drawn up during Zacharias time as pope around 750. Zacharias gave Pepin his blessing allowing him to usurp the Frankish throne in a “legitimate” manner. Pepin cemented the alliance with the Papacy which his father had turned down.

Question 27

Donation of Constantine (750)

Answer 27

Purported to be a letter from Emperor Constantine I to Pope Sylvester I giving Rome authority over the other four patriarchs. Also gave the pope authority over the emperor, as well as temporal power over Rome, all of Italy, and all of the Western Roman Empire.

Question 28

Pope Stephen (752-757)

Answer 28

Confirmed the alliance of his predecessor Zacharias in 754 by traveling to Soissons, France and crowned Pepin in a second coronation ceremony. Gave Pepin the title “Patrician of the Romans” at the ceremony.

Question 29

Papal States

Answer 29

Lands that Pepin won in his battle in Italy against King Aistuff of the Lombards in 755. Stephen got Pepin to donate the lands he had conquered to the Papacy for “the good of his soul.” Pepin signed the treaty in 756. The Pope then became the temporal lord over the lands in central Italy that came to be called the Papal States. The popes governed these lands until the reunification of Italy in 1861.

Question 30

Advantages of the alliance of 751 and 754 between the Papacy and the Carolingians.

Answer 30

The popes gained temporal power.

The popes could influence society more readily.

Question 31

Disadvantages of the alliance of 751 and 754 between the Papacy and the Carolingians.

Answer 31

The Papacy became dependent on a secular power.

The church abandoned her prophetic call and became subservient to the state.

Question 32

First Iconoclastic Period

Answer 32

Two phases:

1. 726-780
2. Restoration 780-813

Question 33

Heresies after 750

Answer 33

Adoptionism

Bogumilism

Cathari

Question 34

Maximus the Confessor

Answer 34

580-662

Consensus of the Fathers

consensus patrum

Question 35

Venerable Bede

Answer 35

672-735

Choose the 8 theologians

4 Greek and 4 Latin

Question 36

Feast of Orthodoxy

Answer 36

March 11, 843